tokenpocket钱包中文版app下载|southeast asia什么意思
tokenpocket钱包中文版app下载|southeast asia什么意思
东南亚(亚洲东南部地区)_百度百科
亚洲东南部地区)_百度百科 网页新闻贴吧知道网盘图片视频地图文库资讯采购百科百度首页登录注册进入词条全站搜索帮助首页秒懂百科特色百科知识专题加入百科百科团队权威合作下载百科APP个人中心东南亚是一个多义词,请在下列义项上选择浏览(共5个义项)展开添加义项东南亚[dōng nán yà]播报讨论上传视频亚洲东南部地区收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10本词条由“科普中国”科学百科词条编写与应用工作项目 审核 。东南亚(Southeast Asia,缩写SEA)位于亚洲东南部,包括中南半岛和马来群岛两大部分。中南半岛因位于中国以南而得名,南部的细长部分叫马来半岛。马来群岛散布在太平洋和印度洋之间的广阔海域,是世界最大的群岛,共有两万多个岛屿,分属印度尼西亚、马来西亚、东帝汶、文莱和菲律宾等国。 [1-2]东南亚地区共有11个国家:缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝、越南、菲律宾、马来西亚、新加坡、文莱、印度尼西亚、东帝汶,面积约457万平方千米。 [3] [12]东南亚是地处亚洲与大洋洲、太平洋与印度洋之间的的“十字路口”。马六甲海峡是这个路口的“咽喉”,战略地位十分重要。马六甲海峡地处马来半岛和苏门答腊岛之间,全长约1080千米,最窄处仅有37千米,可通行载重25万吨的巨轮,太平洋西岸国家与南亚、西亚、非洲东海岸、欧洲等沿海国家之间的航线大多经过于此。马六甲海峡沿岸的国家有泰国、新加坡和马来西亚,其中新加坡位于马六甲海峡的最窄处,交通位置尤其重要,是沟通印度洋和太平洋的“十字路口”、咽喉地段。中文名东南亚外文名Southeast Asia(SEA)别 名亚洲东南部面 积4570000 km²人口数量6.25亿(2014年)国家总数11经纬度92°E~140°E ,10°S~28°26N气候类型热带雨林气候、热带季风气候主要海峡马六甲海峡主要河流伊洛瓦底江,萨尔温江,湄公河主要区域中南半岛,马来群岛简 写SEA目录1地理位置2地形地貌▪港湾和海峡▪火山▪半岛和岛屿▪山峰▪河流3气候▪热带风光▪分布4自然资源▪矿产资源▪热带经济作物▪粮食作物5人口宗教▪人口▪宗教6国家7经济▪发展与问题▪经济差异▪热带作物8对华政策9旅游事项地理位置播报编辑亚洲的东南部地理位置具有特殊的意义,一方面它是亚洲纬度最低的地区,是亚洲的赤道部分;另一方面它正扼亚澳之间的过渡地带,这在气候和生物界均有明显的反映;本区也是太平洋与印度洋的交汇地带,这种地理位置使东南亚具有湿热气候,并形成繁茂的热带森林,是本区与周边其他区域的根本差异。东南亚在构造地形上可分为两大单元,一是比较稳定的印度-马来地块,二是地壳变动比较活跃的新褶皱山地。具有赤道多雨气候和热带季风气候两种类型,自然植被以热带雨林和热带季风林为主,可分为两个亚区。半球划分:位于东半球,跨南北半球。连接亚洲、大洋洲。经纬度位置: 92°E~140°E,10°S~28°26N。中南半岛大部分属于热带季风气候,马来群岛大部分属于热带雨林气候。海陆位置:位于亚洲的东南部。西临印度洋、东连太平洋、南邻大洋洲,北邻中国、印度。 [4]地形地貌播报编辑港湾和海峡金兰湾越南东南部的海湾,东南亚著名的天然港湾是位于庆和省境内 [11],港湾深入内陆17千米,南北长32千米,宽约16千米,群山环抱,东面岛屿屏蔽,面临深海,为天然良港。港湾由冲空山和凤凰山两半岛合抱成葫芦形的内外两个海湾内港金兰湾面积60平方千米,水深大于16米,湾口宽仅1300米,湾长20千米,宽6千米,可停泊大型航空母舰,战略地位重要。早在1905年,俄国舰只就曾在巴巍和金兰镇停泊.金兰湾曾长期作为法国的海军基地。1941年被日本侵略军占领。1965年美国军队在金兰半岛上建立空军基地和其他军事设施。1975年越南全国统一后,又辟为潜艇基地。马六甲海峡马六甲海峡位于马来半岛与印度尼西亚的苏门答腊岛之间,是连接中国南海和安达曼海的一条狭长水道,因而间接沟通了太平洋与印度洋。它因临近马来半岛上的古代名城马六甲而得名。 [5]马六甲海峡是一条西北自东南向的狭长水道,长1080千米,如果包括东部出口处的新加坡海峡,则全长1185千米。海峡呈喇叭形,西北端出口处宽370千米,东南部较窄,并分布有很多小岛,最窄处仅37千米。海峡底部平坦,主航道水深约25~150米,由东南向西北递增,一般可供20万吨级的船舶出入。由于马六甲海峡地处赤道附近,风力微弱,峡道内总是风平浪静,再加上完善的航标系统,行船十分安全。马六甲海峡是欧洲、非洲、中东及南亚通往东亚、大洋洲的一条主要海运通道,是亚洲、非洲、欧洲、大洋洲之间相互往来的海上枢纽,交通位置十分重要,有“东方的直布罗陀”之称。据统计,每年通过海峡的船只约5万多艘,平均每天有140多艘船通过海峡,使马六甲海峡成为世界上最繁忙的海峡之一。是东南亚联系南亚,西亚和非洲东海岸的必经之路。由于日本每年从非洲和中东地区进口的90%的石油,大量原料和出口商品都由此输送,海峡又被视为日本的“海上生命线”。由于海峡具有重要的战略地位和经济价值,从16世纪起,先后被葡萄牙,荷兰,英国和日本占领。直到第二次世界大战后,马六甲海峡才归沿岸国家所有,2013年,海峡归马来西亚,印度尼西亚和新加坡三国共管。除马六甲海峡外,在太平洋和印度洋之间还分布有一些海峡,但其或因水浅多礁, [5]或因位置偏僻而缺乏助航导航设施,又多位于印度尼西亚的领海之内,国际航线因此极少通过,这就使马六甲海峡在很长时期内实际上成了沟通两大洋的唯一通道,使之无论在经济上还是在战略上都具有很高的重要性。尤其是自20世纪60年代日本崛起为世界第三经济强国以及远东其他各国各地区得到迅速发展以来,东西方之间的贸易量大幅度上升,马六甲海峡的重要性因此更为突出,按其船舶通行的繁忙程度及其所载运的货物数量计算,仅次于英吉利海峡,在全世界114个具有国际意义的通航海峡中居第二位。地处亚洲与大洋洲、太平洋与印度洋的“十字路口”的位置,地理位置非常重要。新加坡依靠马六甲海峡,大力发展转口贸易,成为世界上重要的货物集散地。东南亚“十字路口”交叉点上的马六甲海峡,除海峡沿岸国两岸享有12海里领海和海峡内小岛至少也享有12海里领海外,其余为专属经济区;海峡沿岸国对海峡领海水域享有主权,对海峡专属经济区水域享有主权。马六甲是亚洲联系欧洲和中东洲地区的重要海运通道,控制着全球25%的海运贸易。按照统计,全球每年近一半的油轮都途经马六甲海峡。被日本人称为“海上生命线。”马六甲是亚洲联系欧洲和中东洲地区的重要海运通道,控制着全球25%的海运贸易。按照统计,全球每年近一半的油轮都途经马六甲海峡。被日本人称为“海上生命线。”在20世纪70年代初,每年通过马六甲海峡的船舶有4万艘,其中日本7千艘,英国6千艘。此后,海峡的航运又有了发展,2010~2013年,每年的通航船舶已接近10万艘,尤其是船舶日趋大型化,自日本于1966年建造了世界上第1艘15万吨级巨轮“东京丸”以来,吨位更大的所谓超级油轮成批涌现,2010-2013年,通过马六甲海峡的18万吨级以上的超级油轮就多达1500-1600艘。如此繁忙的航行,再加上船舶的大型化,使马六甲海峡变得愈加狭窄了,从而增大了航行中的不安全因素。此外,马六甲海峡内还有不少浅滩,其中水深不足23米的就多达37处,加上沉船,流沙,淤泥等使航道情况经常改变,更增大了发生事故的可能,对沿岸国家造成严重威胁。典型的如1975年发生了两起重大的油船搁浅或碰撞事故,共流失石油8900吨。1979年一艘油轮与航空母舰相撞,又流失石油1万吨,每次都造成严重的污染。克拉地峡东南亚克拉地峡位于泰国春蓬府和拉廊府境内的一段狭长地带。为马来半岛北部最狭处,宽仅56千米。北连中南半岛,南接马来半岛,地峡以南约400千米(7°N-10°N)地段均为泰国领土,最窄处50多千米,最宽处约190千米,最高点海拔75米。并且它的东西两海岸皆为基岩海岸,浪平风静。随着中国—东盟自贸区战略合作伙伴关系的推进,克拉运河计划有望成为现实。由柳工集团、徐工、三一重工等中国企业牵头的克拉运河筹建小组已经开始运作,东盟的“钻石十年”也将收到最好的礼物。火山主要有坦博拉火山和马荣火山等76座活火山。坦博拉火山(14张)在印度尼西亚爪哇岛东边的松巴哇岛北部,有一座坦博拉火山,它在1815年爆发时,释放的能量相当于第二次世界世界大战末期美国投在日本广岛的那颗原子弹爆炸威力的8000万倍,是人类所知道的最猛烈的火山爆发。马来群岛处于地壳运动活跃的地方,由于三大板块(太平洋板块、印度洋板块和亚欧板块)彼此挤压,时常引发地震。在地壳隆起形成山地的同时,地下灼热的岩浆也顺地裂缝上涌,在地面喷发形成火山。1815年4月5日,位于松巴哇岛上的坦博拉火山爆发了,爆发的火山伴着轰轰的巨响,不断向高空喷出大量的火山灰和气体,厚重的火山灰在以后3天内将附近 480千米范围内的天空完全遮黑。4月12日中午时分,在距火山几百千米以外的瓜哇岛,天空黑得几乎伸手不见五指,坦博拉火山直到1815年7月15日才停止喷射气体和火山灰,从火山口倾泻下来的熔岩流,在淹没了山脚下大片农田后,流入海中,激起冲天水雾,火山爆发时伴随的地震使海底地壳沉陷,引起了海啸,巨浪将位于火山旁的坦博拉镇吞没了。整个爆发过程中,火山上部失去了700亿吨山体,形成了一个直径达6000多米,深700米的巨大火山口,火山喷出的火山灰总共有600亿吨之多,堆积厚度由近向远逐渐变薄,在距火山400千米的地方,火山灰仍有22厘米厚。2013年,坦博拉火山又有一次小规模喷发,这个创造了世界纪录的火山一直在沉睡之中,或许它在为下一次喷发积蓄着力量。除此座火山外,印尼还有76座活火山,因此,印度尼西亚又被称为“火山国”。半岛和岛屿爪哇岛爪哇岛(印尼语:Jawa、英语:Java)是印度尼西亚的政治、经济和文化的中心地区。该岛面积不到全国的7%,却集中了全国65%以上的人口和工业生产。岛上地形以山地、丘陵为主。椰林、海滩、热带作物种植园及众多火山构成了一幅风光绮丽的画卷。岛的中部有世界最大的古老佛塔——婆罗浮屠,相传是由几十万农民和奴隶用15年的时间建成的。印度尼西亚的首都雅加达坐落在爪哇岛的西北部,人口800多万,是东南亚的第一大城市。中南半岛中南半岛因位于中国以南而得名。中南半岛北部同中国山水相连,地势北高南低,高山大河自北向南延伸,形成“山河相间、纵列分布”的地表形态。中南半岛“山河相间,纵列分布”,北部地势较高,山脉呈掌状向南展开。大河下游和河口为冲积平原。河流大多发源于中国西南地区,上游奔腾在崇山峻岭之中,水流湍急,蕴藏着丰富的水力资源;下游河道变宽,水流变缓,泥沙沉积,形成广阔的冲积平原和三角洲。湄公河是东南亚最大、流经国家最多的河流。平原和三角洲地区人口稠密,开发历史悠久,是东南亚的重要农业区。是蜀身毒道与海上丝绸之路的重要商道。 [1-2]马来群岛马来群岛散布在太平洋和印度洋之间的广阔海域,共有两万多个岛屿。多数岛屿,地势崎岖,山岭众多,多火山、地震;平原狭小,多分布于沿海地区。位于此处的世界上最大的群岛国家印度尼西亚有400多座火山,其中活火山77座,占世界活火山数的1/6,有“火山国”之称。马来群岛地形崎岖,地势高峻,沿海有狭窄平原;位于亚欧板块与印度洋板块交界处附近,地壳活动不稳定,火山地震活动非常强烈。印度尼西亚是世界上火山最多的国家,爪哇岛上多火山灰,土壤肥沃。苏门答腊岛世界第六大岛,印度尼西亚第二大岛屿,仅次于加里曼丹岛(婆罗洲),为世界最大群岛——马来群岛所属的大巽他群岛岛屿之一,经济地位仅次于爪哇岛。东北隔马六甲海峡与马来半岛相望,西濒印度洋,东临南海和爪哇岛东南与爪哇岛遥接。加里曼丹岛加里曼丹岛(Kalimantan Island),也译作婆罗洲、婆罗乃(Borneo),是世界第三大岛,马来群岛的一部分。位于东南亚马来群岛中部,西为苏门答腊岛,东为苏拉威西岛,南为爪哇海、爪哇岛,北为南海。苏拉威西岛苏拉威西岛,马来群岛的一部分,是印度尼西亚东部的一个大岛屿。岛形奇特,由四个半岛向北、东北、东南和南方伸出。多高山深谷,少平原,是印尼山地面积比重最大的岛屿。新几内亚岛新几内亚岛(New Guinea),马来群岛的一部分,是太平洋第一大岛屿和世界第二大岛(仅次于格陵兰岛) ,又称伊里安岛。马来群岛东部岛屿,位于太平洋西部,澳大利亚北部。位于西太平洋的赤道南侧,西与亚洲东南部的马来群岛毗邻,南隔阿拉弗拉海和珊瑚海与澳大利亚大陆东北部相望 。山峰查亚峰(CarstenszPyramid),印度尼西亚语作PuncakJaya,旧称苏卡诺峰(PuntjakSukarno)、卡斯藤士峰(GunungCarstensz或MountCarstensz)。亦名“普鲁峰”。是位于印度尼西亚巴布亚省内的山峰,为大洋洲最高峰,同时也是世界上最高的岛屿山峰,海拔5030米,峰顶终年冰雪覆盖。河流因中南半岛的北部是平均海拔四五千米的青藏高原, [6]所以半岛上的大多数河流水流湍急,可建设水电工程。湄公河湄公河(Mekong River),是东南亚重要国际河流,源自中国境内澜沧江,流入中南半岛始称湄公河。干流全长4880千米,流域总面积81.1万平方千米,年径流量4633亿立方米,居东南亚各河首位。其中,约1200千米为国界河,包括中缅、缅老、老泰各段界河。湄公河是亚洲最重要的跨国水系,亚洲流经国家最多的河流,世界第9长河;主源为扎曲,发源于中国青海省玉树藏族自治州杂多县。流经中国、老挝、缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨和越南,于越南胡志明市流入南海。流域除中国和缅甸外,均为湄公河委员会成员国。湄公河上游在中国境内,称为澜沧江,下游三角洲在越南境内,因由越南流出南海有9个出海口,故越南称之为九龙江。伊洛瓦底江伊洛瓦底江,亚洲中南半岛大河之一,缅甸的第一大河。中国古称大金沙江和丽水。其河源有东西两支,东源叫恩梅开江,发源于中国境内察隅县境伯舒拉山南麓(中国云南境内称之为独龙江),西源迈立开江发源于缅甸北部山区。萨尔温江萨尔温江(Salween),亚洲东南部河流,又名丹伦江,流经中国的的部分称怒江。气候播报编辑热带风光东南亚地处热带,中南半岛大部分地区为热带季风气候,一年中有旱季和雨季之分,农作物一般在雨季播种,旱季收获。马来群岛的大部分地区属热带雨林气候,终年高温多雨,分布着茂密的热带雨林。农作物随时播种,四季都有收获。东南亚具有茂密的原始丛林、美丽的热带海滨、众多的名胜古迹、独特的风土人情,它们以特有的魅力吸引着世界各地的旅游者,旅游业已成为新加坡、泰国、马来西亚等国的重要产业。分布10°N-10°S为热带雨林气候;10°N-20°N以热带季风气候为主;中南半岛北部有小面积的高山高原气候。 [7]自然资源播报编辑矿产资源石油和锡是东南亚的主要矿产。这里有世界最大的锡矿带,马来西亚锡矿砂的产量居世界第一位。印度尼西亚是东南亚重要的石油、天然气出口国。 [8]热带经济作物东南亚是世界上橡胶、油棕、椰子和蕉麻等热带经济作物的最大产区。马来西亚是世界最大的棕油生产国和出口国,泰国的橡胶生产居世界首位,菲律宾是世界上生产椰子最多的国家。粮食作物水稻是东南亚的主要粮食作物,种植历史悠久,主要分布在肥沃的平原和三角洲地区。这里是世界最重要的稻米产区,泰国、缅甸和越南是世界重要的稻米生产国和出口国。植被热带雨林气候:马来半岛南部和马来群岛大部分;植被:热带雨林。热带季风气候:中南半岛和菲律宾群岛北部;植被:热带季雨林。人口宗教播报编辑人口东南亚是世界上人口比较稠密的地区之一,人口总数6.25亿(2014年)。人口特点是人口稠密,多华人聚居。人口多分布在平原和河口三角洲地区。东南亚各国都是多民族的国家,全区有90多个民族。人种以黄色人种为主。东南亚也是世界上外籍华人和华侨最集中的地区之一。宗教宗教数据国家名称宗教数据菲律宾罗马天主教(80%),伊斯兰教(5%),基督教(福音派)(2.8%),基督堂教会(2.2%),菲律宾独立教会(2%),其他基督教教派(3%),其他(菲律宾原始信仰、大乘佛教、犹太教和无宗教者)(5%)越南大乘佛教(81%),罗马天主教(5%),上座部佛教(2%),高台教(1%),新教(1%),其他(泛灵信仰、和好教、伊斯兰教和无宗教者等)10%柬埔寨上座部佛教(95%)、伊斯兰教、基督教和泛灵信仰(5%)老挝上座部佛教(65%)、泛灵信仰(32.9%)、基督教(1.3%)、其他(0.8%)泰国上座部佛教(94.6%)、伊斯兰教(4.6%)、基督教等(0.8%)缅甸上座部佛教(89%)、基督教(4%)、伊斯兰教(4%)、泛灵信仰(1%)、其他(2%)马来西亚伊斯兰教(58.4%)、大乘佛教(22.2%)、基督教(9.1%)、印度教(6.1%)、泛灵信仰(5.2%)新加坡佛教(42.5%)、无宗教者(15%)、伊斯兰教(15%)、基督新教(10%)、道教(8%)、罗马天主教(4.5%)、印度教(4%), 其他(1%)印度尼西亚伊斯兰教(86.1%)、基督新教(5.7%)、罗马天主教(3%)、印度教(1.8%)、其他(佛教和无宗教者)(3.4%)文莱伊斯兰教(67%)、佛教(13%)、基督教(10%)、其他(原始信仰等)(10%)东帝汶罗马天主教(90%)、伊斯兰教(5%)、基督新教(3%)、其他(佛教、印度教等)(2%) [9]国家播报编辑东南亚由中南半岛和马来群岛组成,其中有 11 个国家,包括:11 个国家首都国家首都越南河内老挝万象柬埔寨金边泰国曼谷缅甸内比都马来西亚吉隆坡新加坡新加坡印度尼西亚雅加达文莱斯里巴加湾市菲律宾马尼拉东帝汶(2002年5月20日,东帝汶民主共和国正式成立)帝力不包括中国南海诸岛,南海大部分为中国专属经济区,南海诸岛为中国领土,不属东南亚。世界各国习惯把越南、老挝、柬埔寨、泰国、缅甸五国称之为东南亚的“陆地国家”或“半岛国家”。而将马来西亚、新加坡、印度尼西亚、文莱、菲律宾五国称之为东南亚的“海洋国家”或“海岛国家”。1967年,东南亚地区出现了一个“国家集团”,这就是“东南亚国家联盟”(简称“东盟”),有10个成员国,面积约447万平方千米,人口约5.6亿。全区约有华侨、华人3348.6万,约占东南亚总人口的6%,约占全球4543万华侨华人的73.5%。其中,20世纪80年代以后进入东南亚的中国移民及其眷属至少在250万以上。另有200多万印度人,100多万其它国家的外来移民。东南亚各国2022年11月11日,东盟接纳东帝汶为第11个成员国 [12]。东南亚是当今世界经济发展最有活力和潜力的地区之一。经济播报编辑发展与问题东南亚各国除新加坡都为发展中国家。东南亚各国拥有丰富的自然资源和人力资源,为经济发展提供了良好的条件,形成了以季风水田农业和热带种植园为主的农业地域类型。但是经济结构比较单一。20世纪60年代以后,各国发展了外向型市场经济与国家干预相结合的经济发展模式。其主要内容包括:1.大力发展制造业。一般优先发展劳动密集型且资本周转较快的轻纺工业和装配工业;2.扩大农矿产品的生产和出口。东南亚是当今世界经济发展最有活力和潜力的地区之一。东南亚地区除新加坡外其余国家经济均落后, 在未来新的世界政治、经济格局中,东南亚在政治、经济上的作用和战略地位将更加重要。东南亚是中国的南邻,自古以来就是中国通向世界的必经之地。在历史上,绝大多数国家就与中国有友好往来,在政治、经济、文化上关系密切.在悠久的历史交往中,中国人民和东南亚各国人民就结下了深厚的友情.在未来的历史进程中,随着中国和东南亚国家经济建设的飞速发展和社会进步,双边和多边的友好,合作关系也将进入一个不断发展,更加密切的历史时期。经济差异该地区经济发展水平差异较大。新加坡繁荣进步,生活水平已达发达国家之标准,经济以服务业、金融业、科技业、航运业、物流业、旅游业为主,并积极发展高科技和教育。越南、菲律宾和印尼经济相对落后,经济偏重旅游业、基础制造业、农渔业。泰国、越南、缅甸是世界上重要的稻米(水稻)出口国。印度尼西亚是重要的石油出口国。出产石油较多的还有马来西亚和文莱。泰国、马来西亚等国的锡产量居世界前列。印度尼西亚、泰国、马来西亚都是橡胶生产大国。热带作物主要:水稻、橡胶 、椰子、蕉麻、油棕其它:黄麻、茶叶、咖啡、可可、甘蔗茶烟叶、胡椒、冻鱼、冻虾、绿豆、奎宁,木棉、 棕榈油、檀香木、虫胶、棉花及各种热带水果分布情况东南亚地区共有11个国家:11个国家作物国家经济作物越南天然橡胶、黄麻、甘蔗、咖啡、茶、烟叶、胡椒等老挝橡胶、咖啡、虫胶、棉花柬埔寨橡胶、胡椒、棉花、烟草、糖棕、甘蔗、咖啡、椰子泰国橡胶、甘蔗、绿豆、麻、冻鱼、冻虾及各种热带水果缅甸棉花、黄麻、橡胶、甘蔗、烟草、咖啡等马来西亚农业以经济作物为主,主要有橡胶、油棕、胡椒、可可和热带水果等新加坡新加坡国土狭小,自然资源贫乏,境内几乎没有矿藏,又无重要的经济作物印度尼西亚橡胶、咖啡、棕榈油、椰子、甘蔗、胡椒、奎宁、木棉、茶叶等文莱水稻、橡胶、胡椒、椰子等热带作物菲律宾椰子、甘蔗、马尼拉麻和烟草是菲律宾的四大经济作物东帝汶咖啡、橡胶、檀香木、椰子等重要的热带经济作物生产基地泰国、越南、缅甸是世界重要的稻米出口国。马来西亚是世界最大的棕榈油生产国。菲律宾是世界最大的蕉麻生产国和椰子出口国。泰国是世界最大的天然橡胶生产国。印度尼西亚是世界最大的椰子生产国。橡胶和油棕橡胶树分泌出的胶乳,从树上割取后,经过加工,可制成工业用的天然橡胶、20世纪60年代发明了合成橡胶,但是质量不如天然橡胶、东南亚的橡胶树是20世纪初从南美洲引进的。油棕的果肉、果仁含油丰富,在各种油料作物中,有“世界之王” 之称。用棕仁榨的油叫棕油。农业有利条件气候雨热同期,地形平原广阔、土壤肥沃、水源充足以及交通便利和劳动力资源丰富是有利因素。因为在众多的自然条件中气候条件应该是最基本的条件,非热带地区肯定不会种植热带经济作物。作为东南亚的热带主要经济作物是油棕、橡胶、金鸡纳等适合于平原地区种植——---而有些比如茶树虽适宜于排水条件好的山区,但它不是东南亚的主要作物。在这些自然条件中,气候和地形改造投资成本过大(气候的改造常用温室,地形常见的是梯田),成了种植热带经济作物的首选条件。而土壤的改良比较容易,同时多雨湿润的东南亚本身水分条件比较优越。 [10]对华政策播报编辑中国已同东盟所有成员建立外交关系,并于1996年成为东盟全面对话伙伴国。近年来,中国同东盟关系顺利发展,高层往来频繁,政治关系日益密切。1997年12月,江泽民主席出席东盟-中、日、韩首脑非正式会议,并与东盟国家领导人进行了单独会议。双方发表了《中国-东盟首脑会议联合声明》,确定了中国-东盟面向21世纪睦邻互信伙伴关系的方向和指导原则。1998年12月,胡锦涛副主席出席在河内举行的第二次中国-东盟领导人非正式会议。1999年11月,2000年11月和2001年11月,朱镕基总理出席了在菲律宾举行的第三次、在新加坡举行的第四次和在文莱举行的第五次中国-东盟领导人会议。在第五次中国与东盟领导人会议上,双方一致同意于10年内建立中国-东盟自由贸易区,并授权各国经济部长和高官尽快开始谈判。朱总理还提出将农业、信息产业、人力资源开发和湄公河流域开发等确定为新世纪初中国与东盟合作的重点领域,得到东盟领导人的赞同。为支持东盟一体化进程,朱总理宣布将向东盟成员中的三个最不发达国家,即老挝、缅甸和柬埔寨提供特殊优惠关税待遇。中国与东盟还举行年度外长会议及高官磋商、经济高官会等。双方已建立交通部长会机制。此外,双方有中国-东盟经贸联委会、中国-东盟科技联委会、中国-东盟联合合作委员会及东盟北京委员会等对话框架,并于2001年11月成立了中国与东盟商务理事会。中国与东盟自1991年开始对话进程。经过20多年的共同努力,双方政治互信明显增强,经贸合作成效显著,其他领域合作不断拓展和深化。中国-东盟关系充满活力,发展前景广阔。2010年,中国-东盟自贸区全面建成。中国是东盟第一大贸易伙伴,东盟是中国第三大贸易伙伴。2013年,双方贸易额达4436亿美元。2014年,双方同意开始中国-东盟自贸区升级版谈判。中国-东盟博览会及商务与投资峰会自2004年起每年在广西南宁举行,已成功举办十届,成为我与东盟国家经济往来的重要平台。2015年,中国-东盟自贸区升级谈判成果文件签字仪式。2015年11月22日,国务院总理李克强在吉隆坡国际会议中心同东盟10国领导人共同见证标志着中国-东盟自贸区升级谈判全面结束的成果文件——《中华人民共和国与东南亚国家联盟关于修订〈中国-东盟全面经济合作框架协议〉及项下部分协议的议定书》签字仪式。2016年,双方相互投资持续推进。截至2016年5月底,中国与东盟双向投资额累计超过1600亿美元,东盟是中国企业在国外投资的主要目的地,中国企业投资主要涉及贸易、物流、建筑、能源、制造业和商业服务等很多领域。旅游事项播报编辑1、 每人可携带不超过美元5000元或等额外汇及人民币20000元出境。2、 东南亚各国气温33℃左右,请带夏天衣服及一件长袖外套。3、 东南亚各国食物偏酸辣,请自带少量的药品。4、 晕车、晕船的客人自带晕车灵。5、 出团时请携带身份证(小孩同行时请携带出生证或户口薄);如果是港澳同胞同时还须携带《回乡证》或《回乡卡》,台湾同胞同时携带《台胞证》,以备登机检查。6、 一般的自动相机可自行带出境,数码相机和可换镜头高级专业相机及摄像机、手提电脑请登记出境,以免回国入境时课税。7、 在泰国参观大皇宫时,女士不能穿着无袖上衣,裙、裤均应长达脚眼,男士不能穿短裤,不能穿拖鞋。8、 参观马来西亚云顶高原时,男士请穿长裤及有衣领的服装,但不可以穿露脚趾的鞋。女士不能穿着过分暴露的衣服,如吊带装。9、 新加坡入境,每人只能带一包香烟,嚼食香口胶者要注意公共卫生,以免被罚。10、 根据海关条例,禁止携带对中国政治、经济、文化、道德有害的印刷品、VCD等物品回国。11、 回国入境可带香烟二条、酒一瓶,鲜蔬果不可带回国。返程经香港,入境香港可带香烟一条,酒一瓶。12、 贵重物品及证件要随身携带,请不要放在行李中托运,如遗失责任自负。13、请客人妥善保管好旅游证件,如有遗失需在当地办理手续,入境时边检将处以人民币500--2000元罚款处理。14、 海滨游泳是具有一定风险性的活动,客人请自备泳衣并根据自身条件选择水上活动及注意安全。15、 一般酒店都可采用220伏特电压(泰国:两脚扁脚插头、新马:英式品字三脚插头)。16、 在当地兑换外币非常方便,各大银行在机场、旅游景点和大型商场内均设有外汇兑换点。17、 中国电信手机如开通国际漫游即可在新加坡、泰国、马来西亚使用,如往中国打电话,拨号时按下列顺序:[+] + [86]+ [区号] + [电话号码](以漫游到当地营运商为准)18、东南亚区域已有10个国家开通了银联卡(卡号以62开头)业务。其中,印尼的大部分免税店、餐馆、酒店等都可受理银联卡;越南超八成商户接受银联卡;新加坡接受银联卡的商户超六成,ATM基本全覆盖;马来西亚、泰国、菲律宾、越南的ATM覆盖率约占九成,受理商户也在不断增多。新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2024 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号 京公网安备110000020000Southeast Asia是什么意思_Southeast Asia的翻译_音标_读音_用法_例句_爱词霸在线词典
heast Asia是什么意思_Southeast Asia的翻译_音标_读音_用法_例句_爱词霸在线词典首页翻译背单词写作校对词霸下载用户反馈专栏平台登录Southeast Asia是什么意思_Southeast Asia用英语怎么说_Southeast Asia的翻译_Southeast Asia翻译成_Southeast Asia的中文意思_Southeast Asia怎么读,Southeast Asia的读音,Southeast Asia的用法,Southeast Asia的例句翻译人工翻译试试人工翻译翻译全文Southeast Asia释义东南亚; [地名] [亚细亚洲] 东南亚大小写变形:southeast Asia点击 人工翻译,了解更多 人工释义实用场景例句全部Domestic chickens are descended from jungle fowl of Southeast Asia.家鸡是由东南亚原鸡演变而来的。柯林斯例句Our factory exports to Southeast Asia.我厂向东南亚出口产品.辞典例句The security of all of southeast Asia will be endangered if Laos loses its neutral independence.如果老挝失去了它中立立场的独立,整个东南亚的安全将受到威胁.辞典例句Heath was acute in his assessment of Southeast Asia and the Middle East.希思深刻地分析了东南亚和中东局势.辞典例句The curtain must now rise on a widely different scene in Southeast Asia before the readers.现在必须在读者面前展开东南亚的一幅迥然不同的画面.辞典例句Build in southeast Asia area have more and joint - stock plant.在东南亚地区建立有更多合资工厂.互联网Outbound Price Driven warming down, Southeast Asia, Europe to become " hot. "价格下调带动出境游升温, 东南亚 、 欧洲等地成为 “ 热门 ”.互联网Penicillium marneffei infection is endemic in South China and Southeast Asia.马尔尼菲青霉菌感染主要在中国的南方和东南亚地区呈地方性流行.互联网They know that the destiny of Singapore is in Southeast Asia.我国华人也知道,新加坡的命运紧密维系在东南亚.互联网The annual Southeast asia festival is held in our region.咱们有一年一度的东南亚电影节?互联网These are Bengali, Tamil, and Malay, spoken in south and southeast Asia.这三种语言是南亚和东南亚的孟加拉语 、 泰米尔语和马来语.互联网Southeast Asia is a Chinese most the area with concentration, most population.东南亚是华人最集中 、 人口最多的地区.互联网AIA insurance company for Southeast Asia leading insurance companies.总公司友邦保险为东南亚首屈一指的保险公司.互联网The 2004 tsunami destroyed large parts of South and Southeast Asia.2004年的海啸摧毁了南亚和东南亚的很大一部分地区.互联网Our products have been exported to America, Europe and Southeast Asia market.产品覆盖美洲 、 欧洲和东南亚.互联网收起实用场景例句英英释义Noun1. a geographical division of Asia that includes Indochina plus Indonesia and the Philippines and Singapore收起英英释义释义实用场景例句英东南亚 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
东南亚 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
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1區域範圍
开关區域範圍子章节
1.1政治實體
1.2地理劃分
2历史
3经济
开关经济子章节
3.1城市经济总量
3.2全球百大海港
3.3最高建筑
3.4外籍勞工
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4.1民族
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5.1.1东南亚国家及地区政体列表
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7.1夏季奧林匹克運動會 (1896–2020)
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东南亚
140种语言
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此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2020年11月18日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目,无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者:请搜索一下条目的标题(来源搜索:"东南亚" — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像),以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源(判定指引)。
東南亞东南亚测绘图。东南亚测绘图。土地面積4,500,000平方公里人口675,796,065(2022)[1]人口密度135.6人/平方公里國家
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文莱 柬埔寨 东帝汶 印度尼西亞 老挝 马来西亚 緬甸 菲律賓 新加坡 泰國 越南
屬地
2
圣诞岛 安達曼尼科巴群島
生產總值 (2022)$2557兆美元[1]人均生產總值 (2022)$4,018[1]時區UTC+06:30( 緬甸)至UTC+09:00( 印度尼西亞)
东南亚(英語:Southeast Asia,缩写SEA),即華人傳統所稱之南洋,位于亚洲东南部,由中國以南、印度以東、新幾內亞以西與澳洲以北的多個國家、地區組成,是第二次世界大战后期才出现的地区名称。东南亚分為两個區域,陸域為中南半島,包括柬埔寨、寮國、緬甸、越南、泰國、馬來西亞、與馬來半島,海域大致為馬來群島包括馬來西亞的砂拉越、沙巴、汶莱、東帝汶、印度尼西亚、菲律賓、新加坡。不過,東南亞國家往往也被西方學者、傳媒納入东亚的範圍。此區地處板塊交界,地震、火山、海嘯活動頻繁。东南亚民族以南岛民族占主导位置,其中尤以马来族占多數,区域内居民多信奉伊斯蘭教、佛教,其它如基督宗教,包括印度教、泛靈論相關宗教等也存在于此区域内。印尼是全球穆斯林最多的国家,泰国则是世界最大的佛教国家,菲律賓則是東半球最多天主教徒的國家。除了新成立的东帝汶以外,區域內10国组成了东南亚国家联盟(ASEAN,即「东盟」、「東協」或「 亚细安」)組織。
區域範圍[编辑]
東南亞在20世紀前也被歐洲人稱為東印度。中國歷史上則稱該地區為“南洋”。由於中國與印度次大陸之間的地理位置和鄰近地區的文化影響,東南亞大陸部分被歐洲地理學家稱為印度支那。然而在20世紀,這個詞更加局限於前法屬印度支那領土(柬埔寨、老撾和越南)。
至於“東南亞”一詞在1839年由美國牧師霍華德·馬爾科姆(Howard Malcolm)在他的“東南亞旅行”一書中首次使用。馬爾科姆的定義只包括大陸部分,排除了海洋部分。[2]二戰时期,盟军于1943年成立東南亞司令部(SEAC)。“东南亚”一词因此被广泛使用。[3] SEAC推廣使用該術語“東南亞”,然而東南亞早期構成的概念卻不是固定的,例如菲律賓和印度尼西亞的大部分被SEAC排除在外。到了20世紀70年代後期,“東南亞”一詞的大致標準用法及其所包含的領土已經出現。
政治實體[编辑]
“東南亞”現在最常見的定義包括下面列出的政治實體所在區域。
國家
國家
面積(km2)[4]
人口(2020)[5]
人口密度(/km2)
GDP/十兆美元 (2020)[6]
人均GDP
(2020, PPP)
人类发展指数 (2021)[7]
首都
文莱
5,765[8]
449,002
74
12,003,000,000
$85,011
0.829
斯里巴加湾市
柬埔寨
181,035[9]
16,718,965
90
25,192,000,000
$5,044
0.593
金边
东帝汶
14,874[10]
1,267,974
85
1,777,000,000
$5,321
0.607
帝力
印度尼西亞
1,904,569[11]
267,670,543
141
1,059,638,000,000
$14,841
0.705
雅加达
老挝
236,800[12]
7,061,507
30
18,820,000,000
$8,684
0.607
永珍
马来西亚
329,847[13]
31,528,033
96
337,008,000,000
$34,567
0.803
吉隆坡 *
緬甸
676,578[14]
53,708,320
79
81,257,000,000
$7,220
0.585
奈比多
菲律賓
300,000[15]
115,559,009
356
361,489,000,000
$10,094
0.699
马尼拉
新加坡
719.2[16]
5,921,231
8,005
339,981,000,000
$105,689
0.939
新加坡市 (城邦)
泰國
513,120[17]
69,428,453
135
501,712,000,000
$21,361
0.800
曼谷
越南
331,210[18]
95,545,962
288
343,114,000,000
$8,677
0.703
河內市
*馬來西亞的行政中心位於布城
澳大利亞屬地
屬地
面積 (km2)
人口
密度 (/km2)
圣诞岛
135[19]
2,072[19]
15.3
科科斯(基林)群島
14[20]
596[20]
42.6
印度属地
屬地
面積 (km2)
人口
密度 (/km2)
安達曼和尼科巴群島
8250
380,500[21]
46.1
地理劃分[编辑]
主条目:东南亚山峰列表
东南亚從自然地理上可分為中南半島和馬來群島两部分。東南亞的海洋方面也被稱為馬來群島,這個術語來源於歐洲對南島語族的馬來族概念。[22] 海洋東南亞的另一個術語是東印度群島,用於描述中南半島和澳大利亞之間的區域。[23]東南亞的位置
東南亞區域
參見:海洋東南亞、大陸東南亞
兩部分分別包括下列地區:
中南半島
越南
老挝
柬埔寨
泰國
緬甸
马来西亚(馬來半島)
南洋群島
马来西亚(砂拉越和沙巴)
文莱
新加坡
印度尼西亞
东帝汶
菲律賓
另外,廣義上從自然地理來看,華南地區一带的海南、廣西、廣東、香港、澳門、福建和雲南南部與臺灣都被視為東南亞地區,这些地方都属于亚热带气候;而在歷史文化上,廣西和雲南的少數族群所使用的語言與中南半島國家所用的語言都是同一語系(壯侗語系、南亞語系或苗瑤語系)。臺灣原住民與菲律賓、印尼等其他東南亞國家同屬南島語系,人種上屬東亞人種,臺灣亦是東南亞南島語族的起源。[24][25][26];宗教上,云南的傣族与中南半岛上不少国家都是信奉上座部佛教;地理上則位處東北亞與東南亞交接的東亞島弧中心位置。因而有時會被視為東南亞的一部分。[27]印度的安達曼和尼科巴群島也是如此,七姐妹州的曼尼普爾邦有時亦然。而地理位置屬大洋洲的巴布亞新畿內亞也因為文化和風俗皆與印度尼西亞相似而被視為東南亞國家之一。反而東南亞國家之一的越南,因文化和歷史上都受中華文化影響,有時也會把其列為東亞地區。
历史[编辑]
主条目:東南亞歷史
根據考古研究與基因研究,推測在新石器時代,南亞語系人群與南島語系人群,分別經由不同路線進入東南亞。[28]
东南亚的人类活动可以追溯到4000年前狩獵採集時代的和平文化。西元前兩千年以後,農業開始傳入東南亞。[29]
高棉帝國是中南半島最早興起的文明,高棉帝國的前身扶南在一世紀時便已存在於今柬埔寨一帶,主要受印度文明影響,現代高棉帝國的繼承者為柬埔寨。
在十二世紀以後,現代泰國的前身素可泰王國、寮國的前身瀾滄王國、緬甸的前身蒲甘王國亦紛紛興起於中南半島,這三個國家都受到早年高棉文明影響,奉行上座部佛教。同年代,越南亦已從中國獨立,逐漸向南擴張,最終併吞了越南南部曾經存在的國家占城,並占據了原屬高棉人的湄公河三角洲。
在馬來群島(包含今馬來西亞與印尼一帶),最早興起的王國是印度教與佛教王國,受印度文化影響,例如印尼蘇門答臘的三佛齊王國,爪哇島的馬打蘭王國,盛行於七到十世紀。在十三世紀以後,伊斯蘭教傳入並逐漸盛行於馬來群島,多個伊斯蘭蘇丹國先後興起於馬來群島,例如麻六甲蘇丹國。[30]
在十六世紀以後,歐洲殖民勢力逐漸進入東南亞,菲律賓與印尼前後受到西班牙與荷蘭的殖民。到了十九世紀,歐洲殖民勢力開始進入中南半島,緬甸受到英國的殖民,被併入英屬印度,越南、寮國與柬埔寨則受到法國的殖民,成為法屬印度支那。暹羅(泰國)則藉由王室的外交手段,成為東南亞唯一未被歐洲人殖民的國家。到了二戰後,東南亞國家紛紛獨立,原先荷屬東印度獨立成印尼共和國,英國在馬來群島的殖民地則成為了馬來西亞聯邦。
经济[编辑]
马来西亚首都吉隆坡,一座对东南亚的文化、教育、体育、财政、经济、商业、金融都具有极大影响力的国际大都会
東南亞各國的经济差异很大:
新加坡经济发达,繁榮進步,东南亚唯一的发达国家,生活水平较高,經濟活動以服務業、金融業、航運業、物流業、旅遊業為主,近年積極發展高科技產業和教育。
馬來西亞和泰國經濟發展水平位居亚洲前列,經濟以工業、製造業、旅遊業和農業為主,近年積極發展航運業,金融業和物流業。马来西亚拥有高度名列世界前茅的摩天大楼-双峰塔,并举办过一级方程式赛车的比赛,泰国是日本汽车业最大的海外加工基地,并拥有世界数一数二的农牧企业正大集团。
菲律賓、印尼和越南的人均所得較低,偏重旅遊業、基礎製造業和農漁業并对外输出大量劳工。菲律宾人主要前往中东产油国、东亚的日本和港台、欧洲的意大利务工,印尼人主要前往马来西亚、新加坡、香港和中东产油国务工,越南人主要前往韓國、台湾和中国大陸的珠三角务工。
緬甸、柬埔寨、寮國和東帝汶为最不发达国家,緬甸、柬埔寨和寮國的經濟只有旅遊業和農業(老撾另一收入來源是輸出電力);東帝汶的經濟只有漁業和石油出口。
汶萊雖然人均国内生产总值和已開發國家相若,主要以石油、天然氣出口為主,但財富和中東產油國一樣只集中在少數富裕階層。
城市经济总量[编辑]
以下为东南亚境内经济总量前十的城市:
印尼计有4座;马来西亚为2座;新加坡1座,参考自东南亚国家行政区划生产总值(英语:List of ASEAN country subdivisions by GDP)。
东南亚排名
城市
人口(万)
GDP(亿美元)
人均(万美元)
国家
年份
1
新加坡
545
3,744
6.9
新加坡
2021
2
雅加达
1,056
2,037
1.9
印度尼西亞
2021
3
曼谷
891
1,738
2.0
泰國
2019
4
吉隆坡
756(包括雪兰莪和布城)[31]
1,555[32]
2.1
马来西亚
2021
5
马尼拉
1,348
1,171
1.0
菲律賓
2020
6
胡志明市
943(2021)
617
0.7
越南
2019
7
河内
843(2021)
420
0.5
越南
2019
8
泗水
290
413
1.4
印度尼西亞
2021
9
万隆
251
208
0.8
印度尼西亞
2021
10
棉兰
228
178
0.7
印度尼西亞
2021
全球百大海港[编辑]
以下为2020年东南亚境内全球百大海港:
越南计有3座;马来西亚及印尼为2座;新加坡、泰国及菲律宾各1座。[33]
东南亚排名
世界排名(与2019年比较)
海港
百万TEU(与2019年比较)
国家
1
2( ━ )
新加坡港
36.9(▼0.9%)
新加坡
2
12( ━ )
巴生港
13.2(▼2.5%)
马来西亚
3
15(▲1)
丹绒柏勒巴斯港
9.8(▲7.7%)
马来西亚
4
20(▲5)
西貢港
7.9(▲4.3%)
越南
5
22(▼2)
林查班港
7.5(▼6.9%)
泰國
6
23(▼1)
丹戎不碌港
6.9(▼9.6%)
印度尼西亞
7
31( ━ )
海防港(英语:Hai Phong Port)
5.1(▲0.2%)
越南
8
41(▼12)
马尼拉港(英语:Port of Manila)
4.4(▼16.4%)
菲律賓
9
42(▲6)
盖梅港(Cai Mep)
4.4(▲17.9%)
越南
10
48(▼3)
泗水港(英语:Port of Tanjung Perak)
3.6(▼7.7%)
印度尼西亞
最高建筑[编辑]
以下为东南亚境内前十最高建筑物:
马来西亚计有4座;越南及泰国皆为2座;菲律宾及印尼各1座,唯新加坡未入围前十[34]。
东南亚排名
建筑物
高度(公尺)
国家
建成年份
备注
1
默迪卡118
679
马来西亚
2022
马来西亚最高、全球第二,仅次于哈里发塔
2
地标塔81
461
越南
2018
越南最高
3
双峰塔
452
马来西亚
1998
1998年-2004年曾为世界最高
4
106交易塔
446
马来西亚
2019
5
吉隆坡四季酒店
343
马来西亚
2018
6
京南河内地标大厦
336
越南
2011
7
大都会银行总部大厦(英语:Metrobank Center)
318
菲律賓
2017
菲律宾最高
暹罗天地
318
泰國
2018
泰国最高
9
伽马大厦
316
印度尼西亞
2015
印尼最高
10
大京都大厦
314
泰國
2016
外籍勞工[编辑]
主条目:外籍勞工 § 亞洲
東南亞及南亞許多國家,供應勞力至鄰近較富裕地区。整體而言,各地区的經濟發展,大致可由該地区為勞工輸出、輸入地來判斷。
2010-2011年亞洲(部分國家或地区)外籍勞工輸出入概況(單位:千人)[35]
外籍勞工輸出地
輸入地
尼泊尔
孟加拉国
印度尼西亞
斯里蘭卡
泰國
印度
巴基斯坦
菲律賓
越南
文莱
2
11
3
1
66
8
臺灣
76
48
37
28
香港
50
3
22
101
马来西亚
106
1
134
4
4
21
2
10
12
新加坡
39
48
1
11
16
70
0
日本
1
0
2
0
9
-
45
6
5
韩国
4
3
11
5
11
-
2
12
9
人口[编辑]
整個東南亞面積爲450萬平方公里。2018年,該區域人口共有6.55億人,當中有五分之一生活在全球人口最密集的島嶼——爪哇島。印度尼西亞人口多達2.68億,乃全球第四。東南亞的宗教和民族情況複雜。除此之外,目前有近3000萬華人生活在東南亞,主要分佈在聖誕島、印度尼西亞、馬來西亞、菲律賓、新加坡、泰國以及越南。
東南亞的人口分布
民族[编辑]
主条目:东南亚民族列表(英语:Ethnic groups of Southeast Asia)
東南亞人口最龐大的民族爲爪哇族,主要分佈在印度尼西亞的爪哇島,人口過億,約占印尼人口的百分之四十。其次爲京族,越南的主體民族,人口高達8,600萬,主要分佈在越南,但在鄰國柬埔寨及老撾亦是重要的少數民族。泰族則有超過6,000萬人口,是泰國的主體民族,與寮國的主體民族寮族文化語言相近。緬甸是一個民族相當多元的國家,人口最龐大的民族是緬族,人口有3,000多萬,占該國人口的三分之二。
印度尼西亞最大的兩支民族爲爪哇族和巽他族(4,000萬),其他較大的族群還有馬都拉族(800萬)、米南佳部人(800萬)、布吉人(700萬)、峇里人(400萬)、達雅族(630萬)、巴塔克人(850萬)、印尼馬來人(870萬)等。
新加坡最大的民族為華族(75.9%),其次為馬來族(15.0%)與印度裔(以坦米爾人居多)占7.5%,其他民族佔1.6%。
馬來西亞人口最大的民族分別是馬來族(55%)、華族(23%)、印度族(7%)。但在東馬,民族構成則與西馬有很大不同,達雅族和達山-杜順人分別是砂撈越州和沙巴州的最大民族。東南亞的馬來族是跨國民族,除了是西馬和文萊是主要民族外,在印度尼西亞、泰國南部、新加坡都是重要的少數民族。
占族並沒有自己的國家,曾經是越南南部的主要人群,目前是現代越南中部和南部,及柬埔寨中部的少數民族。柬埔寨是一個民族較單一的國家,主體民族是高棉族,在越南南部和泰國都有分佈。苗族主要分佈在越南、老撾和中國的交界處,主要是近三百年內才移居至東南亞。
菲律賓的民族亦十分多元,人口較多的民族有他加祿人和比薩亞人,絕大多數菲律賓民族屬於菲律賓語族。
宗教[编辑]
東南亞存在着很多不同的宗教,當中,伊斯蘭教是最大的宗教,東南亞共有2.4億人(40%的當地人口)爲穆斯林,主要分佈在印度尼西亞、汶萊、馬來西亞、泰國南部和菲律賓南部,印度尼西亞更是全球人口最多的穆斯林國家。大多數印度尼西亞人為穆斯林。
之後爲佛教,全東南亞擁有2.05億佛教徒,位居東南亞第二(38%的當地人口),主要分佈在越南、泰國、老撾、柬埔寨、緬甸和新加坡。在泰國、老撾、柬埔寨、緬甸流行的佛教,以印度南傳佛教上座部佛教為主。新加坡及越南亦相當流行儒教。
基督教爲菲律賓、印度尼西亞東部、馬來西亞東部及和東帝汶的強勢宗教。當中菲律賓擁有全亞洲最大的羅馬天主教人口,而東帝汶則由於是長年受葡萄牙殖民而成爲基督教國家。
印度教是印尼巴厘島的主要宗教,但由於融合了當地原生的泛靈信仰而與其他地區的印度教有所不同。由於龐大的印度裔人口,新加坡和馬來西亞亦有不少印度教徒。另外在東馬沙撈越州、菲律賓的高地地區、 新幾內亞及老撾的偏遠地區,至今依然保留着不少原生泛靈信仰。
菲律賓
罗马天主教(80.6%)、伊斯兰教(6.9%~11%)[36]、基督新教福音派(2.7%)、基督堂教會(2.4%)、其他基督教教派(3.8%)、佛教(0.05% ~ 2%)[37]、泛靈信仰(0.2% ~ 1.25%)、其他(1.9%)
越南
越南民間信仰及無宗教(73.2%)、佛教(12.2%)、罗马天主教(6.8%)、高臺道(4.8%)、基督新教(1.5%)、和好教其他 (0.1%)[38]
柬埔寨
上座部佛教(國教,97.9%)、伊斯蘭教(1.1%)、基督宗教(0.5%)、其他(5%)
老挝
上座部佛教(66%)、泛靈信仰(30.7%%)、基督宗教(1.5%)、伊斯蘭教(0.1%)、猶太教(0.1%)、其他(1.6%)
泰國
上座部佛教(國教,94.5%)、伊斯兰教(4.29%)、基督宗教(1.17%)、其他(0.7%)
緬甸
(无国教)上座部佛教(88%)、基督宗教(6.2%)、伊斯兰教(4.2%)、印度教(0.5%)、泛靈信仰(0.8%)、其他(0.2%)、無信仰(0.1%)
马来西亚
伊斯兰教(国教,61.3%)、佛教(19.8%)、基督宗教(9.2%)、印度教(6.3%)、其他(3.4%)
新加坡
(无国教)佛教(33%)、伊斯兰教(14%)、无宗教(18%)、基督宗教(18%)、道教和華人民間信仰(10%)、印度教(6.4%),錫克教或其他(0.6%)
印度尼西亞
(无国教,但是必须信仰宗教)(印尼宗教信仰)伊斯兰教(87.18%)、基督新教(7%)、罗马天主教(2.91%)、印度教(1.69%)、佛教(0.72%)、儒教(0.55%)、其他(0.45%)[39]
文莱
伊斯兰教(国教,79%)、佛教(8%)、基督宗教(9%)、其他(4.7%)
东帝汶
罗马天主教(国教,97.57%)、伊斯兰教(0.24%)、基督新教(1.96%)、其他(0.23%)
印度安達曼-尼科巴群島
主要为印度教,其余为伊斯兰教、基督宗教、锡克教、佛教和耆那教
圣诞岛
伊斯兰教(19.4%)、佛教和道教(18.1%)、基督宗教(8.9%)、不信仰宗教者(15.2%)、其他信仰者(38.4%)
科科斯(基林)群島
伊斯兰教(85%)、其他(15%)
南海諸島
大乘佛教、基督宗教,伊斯兰教,儒家、道教和无宗教者
語言[编辑]
以下列表爲東南亞各國的官方語言及主要語言。
國家/地區
官方語言
其他主要語言
文莱[40]
馬來語、英語
官話、泰米爾語
柬埔寨[41]
高棉語
泰語、越南語、占語、官話等
东帝汶[42]
德頓語、印尼語、葡萄牙語
印度尼西亞
印尼語
爪哇語、巽他語、馬都拉語、米南佳保語、布吉語、班查語、峇里語等(印度尼西亞和擁有超過700種語言,是全球第二語言最多樣化的國家[43])
老挝[44]
老撾語
泰語、越南語、苗語等
马来西亚[45]
馬來語、英語
官話、泰米爾語等。
緬甸[46]
緬甸語
撣語、克倫語支、若開語、孟語、景頗語、庫基-欽語支等
菲律賓
菲律賓語、英語
西班牙語、阿拉伯語、維薩亞斯語支等。
新加坡
英語、馬來語、漢語官話、泰米爾語
其他漢語語支語言、印尼語、泰盧固語、印地語、旁遮普語、爪哇語等。
泰國
泰語[47]
官話、馬來語、苗語、克倫語、撣語、老撾語等。
越南
越南語
高棉語、官話、苗語、占語等
圣诞岛[48]
英語
官話、馬來語
科科斯(基林)群島[49]
英語
馬來語
安達曼-尼科巴群島
印地語、英語
泰盧固語、泰米爾語、孟加拉語等
城市群[编辑]
印度尼西亞雅茂德坦勿(印度尼西亚语:Jabodetabek)(雅加达/西爪哇省/万丹省)(雅茂德坦勿是雅加达、茂物、德波、坦格朗和勿加泗五个雅加达卫星城市的缩写)
菲律賓馬尼拉大都會(马尼拉/奎松市/马卡蒂/達義市/帕賽市/加洛坎市和其他十一个城市)
泰國曼谷都会区(曼谷/暖武里/北欖府/巴吞他尼府/龙仔厝府/佛统)
马来西亚大吉隆坡/巴生谷(吉隆坡/雪蘭莪)
马来西亚大槟城(槟城/吉打/霹靂州)
越南胡志明市都会区(越南语:Vùng đô thị Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh)(胡志明市/頭頓市)
緬甸仰光省(仰光/沙廉
越南河内首都圈(越南语:Vùng thủ đô Hà Nội)(河內市/海防市/下龍市)
印度尼西亞泗水都会区(印度尼西亚语:Gerbangkertosusila)(泗水/诗都阿佐
印度尼西亞万隆拉也(印度尼西亚语:Bandung Raya)(萬隆/芝馬墟)
菲律賓Metro Cebu(英语:Metro Cebu) (宿霧市/曼達維市/拉普拉普市/塔里薩伊市和其他十一个城市)
菲律賓Metro Davao(英语:Metro Davao)(达沃市/迪戈斯
菲律賓Metro Iloilo-Guimaras(英语:Metro Iloilo-Guimaras)(伊洛伊洛市/帕維亞/奥通
柬埔寨金边(金边/干丹省)
政治与外交[编辑]
东盟与欧盟最明显的区别之一就在于东盟坚持奉行“互不干涉内政”原则,成员国之间互相尊重彼此采取的政体,同时在对待区域外国家的外交政策方面也不奉行统一的路线方针,但在南海问题上则采取彼此忍让、互不争斗的政策。
政体[编辑]
政體
實行此政體之國家及地區
备注
總統共和制
印度尼西亞、 菲律賓
印度尼西亚共和国和菲律宾共和国实行总统制共和政体。
議會共和制
新加坡
新加坡共和国实行议会制共和政体,但人民行动党长期执政并一党独大,其他政党权力微弱难以抗衡。
君主立憲制
泰國、 马来西亚、 柬埔寨
泰王国、马来西亚和柬埔寨王国实行君主立宪制政体,泰国国王在国内的政治影响力大于马来西亚最高元首和柬埔寨国王。
君主專制
文莱
文莱达鲁萨兰国实行君主专制政体,文莱苏丹兼任文莱首相独揽大权,政党权力微弱。
社會主義共和制
越南、 老挝
越南社会主义共和国和老挝人民民主共和国实行一党专政的社会主义共和国政体的社会主义国家,执政党总书记为党和国家最高领导人,地位和权力高于国家元首和政府首脑。
总统共和制及军政府
緬甸
缅甸联邦共和国宪法规定实行总统制共和政体,名义上实行联邦制,但军人阶层组建的政党仍然把持政坛。缅甸民主改革仍然任重道远。
东南亚国家及地区政体列表[编辑]
主权国家
国家元首
政府首脑
政治体制
立法/协商机构
国家结构形式
印度尼西亞
印尼总统
印尼总统兼任
总统制共和国
印度尼西亚人民协商会议
单一制
菲律賓
菲律宾总统
菲律宾总统兼任
总统制
菲律宾国会
单一制
新加坡
新加坡总统
新加坡总理
议会制
新加坡议会
单一制
马来西亚
马来西亚最高元首
马来西亚首相
君主立宪制
马来西亚国会
联邦制
泰國
泰国国王
泰国总理
泰国国会
单一制
柬埔寨
柬埔寨国王
柬埔寨总理
柬埔寨国会
单一制
文莱
文莱苏丹
文莱首相
君主专制
文莱立法会
单一制
越南
越南社会主义共和国主席越南共产党中央委员会总书记
越南总理
社会主义共和制
越南国会
单一制
老挝
老挝人民民主共和国主席老挝人民革命党中央委员会总书记
老挝总理
老挝国会
单一制
緬甸
缅甸总统
缅甸总理
总统制共和国
缅甸联邦议会
联邦制(名义上)实际为单一制
东帝汶
东帝汶总统
东帝汶总理
议会制共和国
东帝汶议会
单一制
外交[编辑]
2018年8月3日马来西亚首相马哈迪·莫哈末與美國國務卿麥克·蓬佩奧會面
菲律宾、泰国和新加坡从冷战开始至今一直奉行亲近美国的外交路线,美国在三个国家都有驻军。菲律宾在政治上(尤其南海问题上)与中華民國和中华人民共和国之冲突最为尖锐,在杜特尔特上台后争端稍微平缓下来。泰国和新加坡在中华人民共和国停止对外输出革命后与中华人民共和国较少直接冲突,北京奥运会圣火传递活动没有选择经停新加坡,非常耐人寻味。
印尼、马来西亚和冷战时期结束后的越南奉行均衡外交政策,不与任何一个大国结盟,也未允许外国在本国常驻军队,但也注意与美国保持友善以对抗中华人民共和国对南海的领土索求。越南常因领土利益问题与中华人民共和国发生冲突。
缅甸在冷战时期奉行中立外交政策,与美国、苏联、中华人民共和国保持“等距离”;90年代及21世纪初期与美国关系逐漸交惡,被美国和欧盟长期制裁;2011年实行“民主大选”后逐渐对外开放本国市场,与西方国家的关系迅速改善,同时注意拉近与日本、印度的关系以防止过度依赖中华人民共和国,而被其所控。
国小力弱的柬埔寨和老撾夹在中越泰三国之间左支右绌,很难在外交舞台上有所表现。
越南、菲律宾和马来西亚对南海岛礁的主权要求有重叠,但彼此之间没有发生过冲突。越南与菲律宾近年来在南海问题上多有合作。[50]
印尼与马来西亚、菲律宾与马来西亚之间亦有领土争端,但最后均采取了息事宁人、冻结争端的忍让政策。[51]
教育[编辑]
以下为东南亚境内据2022年度QS世界大学排名前十的大学:[52]
东南亚排名
世界排名(与2021年比较)
大学
国家
所属大学联盟
1
11 ━
新加坡国立大学
新加坡
国际研究型大学联盟、Universitas 21、环太平洋大学联盟、全球产学未来人才培养策略联盟、英联邦大学协会、东南亚高等学术机构协会、东盟大学联盟
2
12▲1
南洋理工大学
新加坡
环太平洋大学联盟、全球产学未来人才培养策略联盟、英联邦大学协会、东南亚高等学术机构协会、东盟大学联盟
3
65▼6
马来亚大学
马来西亚
国际大学协会、环太平洋大学联盟、全球产学未来人才培养策略联盟、英联邦大学协会、东南亚高等学术机构协会、东盟大学联盟
4
143▼11
博特拉大学
马来西亚
国际大学协会、全球产学未来人才培养策略联盟、英联邦大学协会、东南亚高等学术机构协会、东盟大学联盟
5
144▼2
马来西亚国立大学
马来西亚
全球产学未来人才培养策略联盟、东南亚高等学术机构协会、东盟大学联盟
6
147▼5
马来西亚理科大学
马来西亚
国际大学协会、全球产学未来人才培养策略联盟、东南亚高等学术机构协会、东盟大学联盟
7
191▼4
马来西亚工艺大学
马来西亚
东南亚高等学术机构协会
8
215▼7
朱拉隆功大学
泰國
环太平洋大学联盟、东南亚高等学术机构协会、东盟大学联盟
9
254 ━
加查马达大学
印度尼西亞
东盟大学联盟、东南亚高等学术机构协会
10
255▼3
玛希敦大学
泰國
国际大学协会、亞洲博雅大學聯盟、东南亚高等学术机构协会、东盟大学联盟
体育[编辑]
以下为东南亚国家夏季奥林匹克运动会奖牌统计:
夏季奧林匹克運動會 (1896–2020)[编辑]
排名NOC金牌銀牌銅牌总计1 泰国(THA)10817352 印度尼西亚(INA)81415373 菲律宾(PHI)158144 越南(VIE)13155 新加坡(SIN)12256 马来西亚(MAS)085137 柬埔寨(CAM)0000 汶莱(BRU)0000 缅甸(MYA)0000 老挝(LAO)0000总计(共10个NOC)214048109
參見[编辑]
维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源:东南亚
維基學院中的相關研究或學習資源:东南亚
東南亞運動會
東南亞國家聯盟
東南亞友好合作條約
瀾湄合作
中國—東協自由貿易區
一帶一路
南中國海領土爭端
參考資料[编辑]
^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Report for Selected Countries and Subjects. World Economic. IMF. [2017-07-20]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-06). Outlook Database, October 2016
^ Eliot; Bickersteth; Ballard, Joshua; Jane; Sebastian. Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore Handbook. New York City: Trade & Trade & Travel Publications. 1996.
^ Park; King, Seung-Woo; Victor T. The Historical Construction of Southeast Asian Studies: Korea and Beyond. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2013. ISBN 9789814414586.
^ Country Comparison :: Area. CIA World Factbook. [2009-09-12]. (原始内容存档于2014-02-09).
^ Table A.1. Total Population by Sex in 2009 and Sex Ratio by Country In 2009 (Medium Variant) (PDF). Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. [2009-09-12]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-03-18).
^ Country Comparison :: GDP. CIA World Factbook. [2010-02-12]. (原始内容存档于2008-10-04).
^ Human Development Report 2015 Statistical Annex (PDF). 2015-12-14 [2015-12-15]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016年3月19日).
^ East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Brunei – The World Factbook. cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. [11 November 2019]. (原始内容存档于21 July 2015).
^ East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Cambodia – The World Factbook. cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. [11 November 2019]. (原始内容存档于10 June 2021).
^ East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Timor-Leste – The World Factbook. cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. [11 November 2019]. (原始内容存档于10 January 2021).
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^ East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Malaysia – The World Factbook. cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. [16 October 2021]. (原始内容存档于15 October 2021).
^ East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Burma – The World Factbook. cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. [11 November 2019]. (原始内容存档于1 December 2021).
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^ Population data as per the Indian Census.
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^ 台灣血液之母 林媽利一滴血幫你找祖先 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 聯合新聞網, 2011.11.15
^ 閩客族群 85%有原住民血統 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 自由時報, 2007年11月18日
^ 台雪山隧道 世界第四東南亞第一長公路隧道. 大紀元. 2006-06-15 [2016-06-18]. (原始内容存档于2016-08-11).
^ Simanjuntak, Truman. The Western Route Migration: A Second Probable Neolithic Diffusion to Indonesia. Piper, Hirofumi Matsumura and David Bulbeck, Philip J.; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Bulbeck, David (编). New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory. terra australis 45. ANU Press. 2017. ISBN 9781760460952.
^ Hunt, C.O.; Rabett, R.J. Holocene landscape intervention and plant food production strategies in island and mainland Southeast Asia. Journal of Archaeological Science. November 2014, 51: 22–33. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.12.011 .
^ Islam, The Spread of Islam To Southeast Asia. History-world.org. [30 January 2017]. (原始内容存档于8 November 2018).
^ CURRENT POPULATION ESTIMATES, MALAYSIA, 2022 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)PRIME MINISTER'S DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS MALAYSIA,2022年7月29日
^ Gross Domestic Product (GDP) By State 2021 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)PRIME MINISTER'S DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS MALAYSIA,2022年6月30日
^ One Hundred Ports 2021 Pg.22-23 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)Lloyd's List,2021年8月20日
^ 新加坡经济发达 为何摩天大楼都不算太高 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)网易,2021年1月19日
^ Foreign workers from selected Asian countries, by destination, 2010-11: Thousands (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). International Migration Outlook 2012
^ National Commission on Muslim Filipino. www.ncmf.gov.ph. [2020-10-01]. (原始内容存档于2016-11-19).
^ BuddhaNet. World Buddhist Directory – Presented by BuddhaNet.Net. buddhanet.info. [2020-10-01]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-13).
^ Home Office: Country Information and Guidance — Vietnam: Religious minority groups (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). December 2014. Quoting United Nations' "Press Statement on the visit to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam by the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Hanoi, Viet Nam 31 July 2014. Vietnamese (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Quote, p. 8: "[...] According to the official statistics presented by the Government, the overall number of followers of recognized religions is about 24 million out of a population of almost 90 million. Formally recognized religious communities include 11 million Buddhists, 6.2 million Catholics, 1.4 million Protestants, 4.4 million Cao Dai followers, 1.3 million Hoa Hao Buddhists as well as 75,000 Muslims, 7000 Baha’ís, 1500 Hindus and others. The official number of places of worship comprises 26,387 pagodas, temples, churches and other religious facilities. [...] While the majority of Vietnamese do not belong to one of the officially recognized religious communities, they may nonetheless – occasionally or regularly – practise certain traditional rituals, usually referred to in Viet Nam under the term "belief". Many of those traditional rituals express veneration of ancestors. [...]"
^ Indonesia (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) – The World Factbook
^ CIA – The World Factbook – Brunei (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
^ CIA – The World Factbook – Cambodia (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
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^ Country: Myanmar (Burma). Joshua Project. [2020-10-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-11).
^ CIA – The World Factbook – Thailand (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
^ CIA – The World Factbook – Christmas Island (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
^ CIA – The World Factbook – Cocos (Keeling) Islands (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
^ 菲律宾与越南计划在南海进行联合军演[图]-联合军演 联合军事演习 北子岛 菲律宾 海军官员 国防部 皇家海军 越南 会谈 人民军队-东方军事-东方网. mil.eastday.com. [2014-09-01]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-01).
^ chinanews. 菲律宾总统月底访问马来西亚 自称不谈沙巴问题-中新网. www.chinanews.com. [2014-09-01]. (原始内容存档于2014-09-03).
^ QS World University Rankings 2022 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)Top Universities,2022年
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序言
1区域范围
开关区域范围子章节
1.1政治实体
1.2地理划分
2历史
3经济
开关经济子章节
3.1城市经济总量
3.2全球百大海港
3.3最高建筑
3.4外籍勞工
4人口
开关人口子章节
4.1民族
4.2宗教
4.3语言
4.4城市群
5政治与外交
开关政治与外交子章节
5.1政体
5.1.1东南亚国家及地区政体列表
5.2外交
6教育
7体育
开关体育子章节
7.1夏季奥林匹克运动会 (1896–2020)
8参见
9参考资料
开关目录
东南亚
140种语言
AcèhAfrikaansAlemannischአማርኛالعربيةAsturianuKotavaAzərbaycancaتۆرکجهБашҡортсаBasa BaliBoarischŽemaitėškaBatak TobaBikol CentralБеларускаяБеларуская (тарашкевіца)БългарскиभोजपुरीবাংলাBrezhonegBosanskiCatalà閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄CebuanoکوردیČeštinaCymraegDanskDeutschZazakiΕλληνικάEnglishEsperantoEspañolEestiEuskaraفارسیSuomiFøroysktFrançaisArpetanNordfriiskFrysk贛語GalegoAvañe'ẽ客家語/Hak-kâ-ngîעבריתहिन्दीHrvatskiMagyarՀայերենBahasa IndonesiaIlokanoÍslenskaItaliano日本語JawaქართულიQaraqalpaqshaҚазақшаភាសាខ្មែរಕನ್ನಡ한국어Къарачай-малкъарKurdîКыргызчаLatinaLingua Franca NovaLingálaລາວLietuviųLatviešuBasa BanyumasanMalagasyMinangkabauМакедонскиമലയാളംМонголमराठीBahasa Melayuမြန်မာဘာသာनेपालीLi NihaNederlandsNorsk nynorskNorsk bokmålOccitanਪੰਜਾਬੀKapampanganPolskiپنجابیپښتوPortuguêsRomânăРусскийРусиньскыйसंस्कृतम्Саха тылаᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤSarduSicilianuسنڌيSrpskohrvatski / српскохрватскиၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး සිංහලSimple EnglishSlovenčinaسرائیکیSlovenščinaShqipСрпски / srpskiSundaSvenskaKiswahiliதமிழ்ТоҷикӣไทยTürkmençeTagalogTolışiTürkçeТатарча / tatarçaئۇيغۇرچە / UyghurcheУкраїнськаاردوOʻzbekcha / ўзбекчаVènetoTiếng ViệtWest-VlamsWinarayWolof吴语მარგალურიייִדישYorùbá文言Bân-lâm-gú粵語
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此条目需要补充更多来源。 (2020年11月18日)请协助补充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目,无法查证的内容可能会因为异议提出而被移除。致使用者:请搜索一下条目的标题(来源搜索:"东南亚" — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像),以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源(判定指引)。
东南亚东南亚测绘图。东南亚测绘图。土地面积4,500,000平方公里人口675,796,065(2022)[1]人口密度135.6人/平方公里国家
11
文莱 柬埔寨 东帝汶 印度尼西亚 老挝 马来西亚 缅甸 菲律宾 新加坡 泰国 越南
属地
2
圣诞岛 安达曼尼科巴群岛
生产总值 (2022)$2557兆美元[1]人均生产总值 (2022)$4,018[1]时区UTC+06:30( 缅甸)至UTC+09:00( 印度尼西亚)
东南亚(英语:Southeast Asia,缩写SEA),即华人传统所称之南洋,位于亚洲东南部,由中国以南、印度以东、新几内亚以西与澳大利亚以北的多个国家、地区组成,是第二次世界大战后期才出现的地区名称。东南亚分为两个区域,陆域为中南半岛,包括柬埔寨、老挝、缅甸、越南、泰国、马来西亚、与马来半岛,海域大致为马来群岛包括马来西亚的砂拉越、沙巴、文莱、东帝汶、印度尼西亚、菲律宾、新加坡。不过,东南亚国家往往也被西方学者、传媒纳入东亚的范围。此区地处板块交界,地震、火山、海啸活动频繁。东南亚民族以南岛民族占主导位置,其中尤以马来族占多数,区域内居民多信奉伊斯兰教、佛教,其它如基督宗教,包括印度教、泛灵论相关宗教等也存在于此区域内。印尼是全球穆斯林最多的国家,泰国则是世界最大的佛教国家,菲律宾则是东半球最多天主教徒的国家。除了新成立的东帝汶以外,区域内10国组成了东南亚国家联盟(ASEAN,即“东盟”、“东协”或“ 亚细安”)组织。
区域范围[编辑]
东南亚在20世纪前也被欧洲人称为东印度。中国历史上则称该地区为“南洋”。由于中国与印度次大陆之间的地理位置和邻近地区的文化影响,东南亚大陆部分被欧洲地理学家称为印度支那。然而在20世纪,这个词更加局限于前法属印度支那领土(柬埔寨、老挝和越南)。
至于“东南亚”一词在1839年由美国牧师霍华德·马尔科姆(Howard Malcolm)在他的“东南亚旅行”一书中首次使用。马尔科姆的定义只包括大陆部分,排除了海洋部分。[2]二战时期,盟军于1943年成立东南亚司令部(SEAC)。“东南亚”一词因此被广泛使用。[3] SEAC推广使用该术语“东南亚”,然而东南亚早期构成的概念却不是固定的,例如菲律宾和印度尼西亚的大部分被SEAC排除在外。到了20世纪70年代后期,“东南亚”一词的大致标准用法及其所包含的领土已经出现。
政治实体[编辑]
“东南亚”现在最常见的定义包括下面列出的政治实体所在区域。
国家
国家
面积(km2)[4]
人口(2020)[5]
人口密度(/km2)
GDP/十兆美元 (2020)[6]
人均GDP
(2020, PPP)
人类发展指数 (2021)[7]
首都
文莱
5,765[8]
449,002
74
12,003,000,000
$85,011
0.829
斯里巴加湾市
柬埔寨
181,035[9]
16,718,965
90
25,192,000,000
$5,044
0.593
金边
东帝汶
14,874[10]
1,267,974
85
1,777,000,000
$5,321
0.607
帝力
印度尼西亚
1,904,569[11]
267,670,543
141
1,059,638,000,000
$14,841
0.705
雅加达
老挝
236,800[12]
7,061,507
30
18,820,000,000
$8,684
0.607
万象
马来西亚
329,847[13]
31,528,033
96
337,008,000,000
$34,567
0.803
吉隆坡 *
缅甸
676,578[14]
53,708,320
79
81,257,000,000
$7,220
0.585
内比都
菲律宾
300,000[15]
115,559,009
356
361,489,000,000
$10,094
0.699
马尼拉
新加坡
719.2[16]
5,921,231
8,005
339,981,000,000
$105,689
0.939
新加坡市 (城邦)
泰国
513,120[17]
69,428,453
135
501,712,000,000
$21,361
0.800
曼谷
越南
331,210[18]
95,545,962
288
343,114,000,000
$8,677
0.703
河内市
*马来西亚的行政中心位于布城
澳大利亚属地
属地
面积 (km2)
人口
密度 (/km2)
圣诞岛
135[19]
2,072[19]
15.3
科科斯(基林)群岛
14[20]
596[20]
42.6
印度属地
属地
面积 (km2)
人口
密度 (/km2)
安达曼和尼科巴群岛
8250
380,500[21]
46.1
地理划分[编辑]
主条目:东南亚山峰列表
东南亚从自然地理上可分为中南半岛和马来群岛两部分。东南亚的海洋方面也被称为马来群岛,这个术语来源于欧洲对南岛语族的马来族概念。[22] 海洋东南亚的另一个术语是东印度群岛,用于描述中南半岛和澳大利亚之间的区域。[23]东南亚的位置
东南亚区域
参见:海洋东南亚、大陆东南亚
两部分分别包括下列地区:
中南半岛
越南
老挝
柬埔寨
泰国
缅甸
马来西亚(马来半岛)
南洋群岛
马来西亚(砂拉越和沙巴)
文莱
新加坡
印度尼西亚
东帝汶
菲律宾
另外,广义上从自然地理来看,华南地区一带的海南、广西、广东、香港、澳门、福建和云南南部与台湾都被视为东南亚地区,这些地方都属于亚热带气候;而在历史文化上,广西和云南的少数族群所使用的语言与中南半岛国家所用的语言都是同一语系(壮侗语系、南亚语系或苗瑶语系)。台湾原住民与菲律宾、印尼等其他东南亚国家同属南岛语系,人种上属东亚人种,台湾亦是东南亚南岛语族的起源。[24][25][26];宗教上,云南的傣族与中南半岛上不少国家都是信奉上座部佛教;地理上则位处东北亚与东南亚交接的东亚岛弧中心位置。因而有时会被视为东南亚的一部分。[27]印度的安达曼和尼科巴群岛也是如此,七姐妹州的曼尼普尔邦有时亦然。而地理位置属大洋洲的巴布亚新几内亚也因为文化和风俗皆与印度尼西亚相似而被视为东南亚国家之一。反而东南亚国家之一的越南,因文化和历史上都受中华文化影响,有时也会把其列为东亚地区。
历史[编辑]
主条目:东南亚历史
根据考古研究与基因研究,推测在新石器时代,南亚语系人群与南岛语系人群,分别经由不同路线进入东南亚。[28]
东南亚的人类活动可以追溯到4000年前狩猎采集时代的和平文化。公元前两千年以后,农业开始传入东南亚。[29]
高棉帝国是中南半岛最早兴起的文明,高棉帝国的前身扶南在一世纪时便已存在于今柬埔寨一带,主要受印度文明影响,现代高棉帝国的继承者为柬埔寨。
在十二世纪以后,现代泰国的前身素可泰王国、老挝的前身澜沧王国、缅甸的前身蒲甘王国亦纷纷兴起于中南半岛,这三个国家都受到早年高棉文明影响,奉行上座部佛教。同年代,越南亦已从中国独立,逐渐向南扩张,最终并吞了越南南部曾经存在的国家占城,并占据了原属高棉人的湄公河三角洲。
在马来群岛(包含今马来西亚与印尼一带),最早兴起的王国是印度教与佛教王国,受印度文化影响,例如印尼苏门答腊的三佛齐王国,爪哇岛的马打兰王国,盛行于七到十世纪。在十三世纪以后,伊斯兰教传入并逐渐盛行于马来群岛,多个伊斯兰苏丹国先后兴起于马来群岛,例如麻六甲苏丹国。[30]
在十六世纪以后,欧洲殖民势力逐渐进入东南亚,菲律宾与印尼前后受到西班牙与荷兰的殖民。到了十九世纪,欧洲殖民势力开始进入中南半岛,缅甸受到英国的殖民,被并入英属印度,越南、老挝与柬埔寨则受到法国的殖民,成为法属印度支那。暹罗(泰国)则借由王室的外交手段,成为东南亚唯一未被欧洲人殖民的国家。到了二战后,东南亚国家纷纷独立,原先荷属东印度独立成印尼共和国,英国在马来群岛的殖民地则成为了马来西亚联邦。
经济[编辑]
马来西亚首都吉隆坡,一座对东南亚的文化、教育、体育、财政、经济、商业、金融都具有极大影响力的国际大都会
东南亚各国的经济差异很大:
新加坡经济发达,繁荣进步,东南亚唯一的发达国家,生活水平较高,经济活动以服务业、金融业、航运业、物流业、旅游业为主,近年积极发展高科技产业和教育。
马来西亚和泰国经济发展水平位居亚洲前列,经济以工业、制造业、旅游业和农业为主,近年积极发展航运业,金融业和物流业。马来西亚拥有高度名列世界前茅的摩天大楼-双峰塔,并举办过一级方程式赛车的比赛,泰国是日本汽车业最大的海外加工基地,并拥有世界数一数二的农牧企业正大集团。
菲律宾、印尼和越南的人均所得较低,偏重旅游业、基础制造业和农渔业并对外输出大量劳工。菲律宾人主要前往中东产油国、东亚的日本和港台、欧洲的意大利务工,印尼人主要前往马来西亚、新加坡、香港和中东产油国务工,越南人主要前往韩国、台湾和中国大陆的珠三角务工。
缅甸、柬埔寨、老挝和东帝汶为最不发达国家,缅甸、柬埔寨和老挝的经济只有旅游业和农业(老挝另一收入来源是输出电力);东帝汶的经济只有渔业和石油出口。
文莱虽然人均国内生产总值和发达国家相若,主要以石油、天然气出口为主,但财富和中东产油国一样只集中在少数富裕阶层。
城市经济总量[编辑]
以下为东南亚境内经济总量前十的城市:
印尼计有4座;马来西亚为2座;新加坡1座,参考自东南亚国家行政区划生产总值(英语:List of ASEAN country subdivisions by GDP)。
东南亚排名
城市
人口(万)
GDP(亿美元)
人均(万美元)
国家
年份
1
新加坡
545
3,744
6.9
新加坡
2021
2
雅加达
1,056
2,037
1.9
印度尼西亚
2021
3
曼谷
891
1,738
2.0
泰国
2019
4
吉隆坡
756(包括雪兰莪和布城)[31]
1,555[32]
2.1
马来西亚
2021
5
马尼拉
1,348
1,171
1.0
菲律宾
2020
6
胡志明市
943(2021)
617
0.7
越南
2019
7
河内
843(2021)
420
0.5
越南
2019
8
泗水
290
413
1.4
印度尼西亚
2021
9
万隆
251
208
0.8
印度尼西亚
2021
10
棉兰
228
178
0.7
印度尼西亚
2021
全球百大海港[编辑]
以下为2020年东南亚境内全球百大海港:
越南计有3座;马来西亚及印尼为2座;新加坡、泰国及菲律宾各1座。[33]
东南亚排名
世界排名(与2019年比较)
海港
百万TEU(与2019年比较)
国家
1
2( ━ )
新加坡港
36.9(▼0.9%)
新加坡
2
12( ━ )
巴生港
13.2(▼2.5%)
马来西亚
3
15(▲1)
丹绒柏勒巴斯港
9.8(▲7.7%)
马来西亚
4
20(▲5)
西贡港
7.9(▲4.3%)
越南
5
22(▼2)
林查班港
7.5(▼6.9%)
泰国
6
23(▼1)
丹戎不碌港
6.9(▼9.6%)
印度尼西亚
7
31( ━ )
海防港(英语:Hai Phong Port)
5.1(▲0.2%)
越南
8
41(▼12)
马尼拉港(英语:Port of Manila)
4.4(▼16.4%)
菲律宾
9
42(▲6)
盖梅港(Cai Mep)
4.4(▲17.9%)
越南
10
48(▼3)
泗水港(英语:Port of Tanjung Perak)
3.6(▼7.7%)
印度尼西亚
最高建筑[编辑]
以下为东南亚境内前十最高建筑物:
马来西亚计有4座;越南及泰国皆为2座;菲律宾及印尼各1座,唯新加坡未入围前十[34]。
东南亚排名
建筑物
高度(米)
国家
建成年份
备注
1
默迪卡118
679
马来西亚
2022
马来西亚最高、全球第二,仅次于哈里发塔
2
地标塔81
461
越南
2018
越南最高
3
双峰塔
452
马来西亚
1998
1998年-2004年曾为世界最高
4
106交易塔
446
马来西亚
2019
5
吉隆坡四季酒店
343
马来西亚
2018
6
京南河内地标大厦
336
越南
2011
7
大都会银行总部大厦(英语:Metrobank Center)
318
菲律宾
2017
菲律宾最高
暹罗天地
318
泰国
2018
泰国最高
9
伽马大厦
316
印度尼西亚
2015
印尼最高
10
大京都大厦
314
泰国
2016
外籍勞工[编辑]
主条目:外籍勞工 § 亚洲
东南亚及南亚许多国家,供应劳力至邻近较富裕地区。整体而言,各地区的经济发展,大致可由该地区为劳工输出、输入地来判断。
2010-2011年亚洲(部分国家或地区)外籍勞工输出入概况(单位:千人)[35]
外籍勞工输出地
输入地
尼泊尔
孟加拉国
印度尼西亚
斯里兰卡
泰国
印度
巴基斯坦
菲律宾
越南
文莱
2
11
3
1
66
8
台湾
76
48
37
28
香港
50
3
22
101
马来西亚
106
1
134
4
4
21
2
10
12
新加坡
39
48
1
11
16
70
0
日本
1
0
2
0
9
-
45
6
5
韩国
4
3
11
5
11
-
2
12
9
人口[编辑]
整个东南亚面积为450万平方公里。2018年,该区域人口共有6.55亿人,当中有五分之一生活在全球人口最密集的岛屿——爪哇岛。印度尼西亚人口多达2.68亿,乃全球第四。东南亚的宗教和民族情况复杂。除此之外,目前有近3000万华人生活在东南亚,主要分布在圣诞岛、印度尼西亚、马来西亚、菲律宾、新加坡、泰国以及越南。
东南亚的人口分布
民族[编辑]
主条目:东南亚民族列表(英语:Ethnic groups of Southeast Asia)
东南亚人口最庞大的民族为爪哇族,主要分布在印度尼西亚的爪哇岛,人口过亿,约占印尼人口的百分之四十。其次为京族,越南的主体民族,人口高达8,600万,主要分布在越南,但在邻国柬埔寨及老挝亦是重要的少数民族。泰族则有超过6,000万人口,是泰国的主体民族,与老挝的主体民族寮族文化语言相近。缅甸是一个民族相当多元的国家,人口最庞大的民族是缅族,人口有3,000多万,占该国人口的三分之二。
印度尼西亚最大的两支民族为爪哇族和巽他族(4,000万),其他较大的族群还有马都拉族(800万)、米南佳部人(800万)、布吉人(700万)、巴厘人(400万)、达雅族(630万)、巴塔克人(850万)、印尼马来人(870万)等。
新加坡最大的民族为华族(75.9%),其次为马来族(15.0%)与印度裔(以泰米尔人居多)占7.5%,其他民族占1.6%。
马来西亚人口最大的民族分别是马来族(55%)、华族(23%)、印度族(7%)。但在东马,民族构成则与西马有很大不同,达雅族和达山-杜顺人分别是砂捞越州和沙巴州的最大民族。东南亚的马来族是跨国民族,除了是西马和文莱是主要民族外,在印度尼西亚、泰国南部、新加坡都是重要的少数民族。
占族并没有自己的国家,曾经是越南南部的主要人群,目前是现代越南中部和南部,及柬埔寨中部的少数民族。柬埔寨是一个民族较单一的国家,主体民族是高棉族,在越南南部和泰国都有分布。苗族主要分布在越南、老挝和中国的交界处,主要是近三百年内才移居至东南亚。
菲律宾的民族亦十分多元,人口较多的民族有他加禄人和比萨亚人,绝大多数菲律宾民族属于菲律宾语族。
宗教[编辑]
东南亚存在着很多不同的宗教,当中,伊斯兰教是最大的宗教,东南亚共有2.4亿人(40%的当地人口)为穆斯林,主要分布在印度尼西亚、文莱、马来西亚、泰国南部和菲律宾南部,印度尼西亚更是全球人口最多的穆斯林国家。大多数印度尼西亚人为穆斯林。
之后为佛教,全东南亚拥有2.05亿佛教徒,位居东南亚第二(38%的当地人口),主要分布在越南、泰国、老挝、柬埔寨、缅甸和新加坡。在泰国、老挝、柬埔寨、缅甸流行的佛教,以印度南传佛教上座部佛教为主。新加坡及越南亦相当流行儒教。
基督教为菲律宾、印度尼西亚东部、马来西亚东部及和东帝汶的强势宗教。当中菲律宾拥有全亚洲最大的罗马天主教人口,而东帝汶则由于是长年受葡萄牙殖民而成为基督教国家。
印度教是印尼巴厘岛的主要宗教,但由于融合了当地原生的泛灵信仰而与其他地区的印度教有所不同。由于庞大的印度裔人口,新加坡和马来西亚亦有不少印度教徒。另外在东马沙捞越州、菲律宾的高地地区、 新几内亚及老挝的偏远地区,至今依然保留着不少原生泛灵信仰。
菲律宾
罗马天主教(80.6%)、伊斯兰教(6.9%~11%)[36]、基督新教福音派(2.7%)、基督堂教会(2.4%)、其他基督教教派(3.8%)、佛教(0.05% ~ 2%)[37]、泛灵信仰(0.2% ~ 1.25%)、其他(1.9%)
越南
越南民间信仰及无宗教(73.2%)、佛教(12.2%)、罗马天主教(6.8%)、高台道(4.8%)、基督新教(1.5%)、和好教其他 (0.1%)[38]
柬埔寨
上座部佛教(国教,97.9%)、伊斯兰教(1.1%)、基督宗教(0.5%)、其他(5%)
老挝
上座部佛教(66%)、泛灵信仰(30.7%%)、基督宗教(1.5%)、伊斯兰教(0.1%)、犹太教(0.1%)、其他(1.6%)
泰国
上座部佛教(国教,94.5%)、伊斯兰教(4.29%)、基督宗教(1.17%)、其他(0.7%)
缅甸
(无国教)上座部佛教(88%)、基督宗教(6.2%)、伊斯兰教(4.2%)、印度教(0.5%)、泛灵信仰(0.8%)、其他(0.2%)、无信仰(0.1%)
马来西亚
伊斯兰教(国教,61.3%)、佛教(19.8%)、基督宗教(9.2%)、印度教(6.3%)、其他(3.4%)
新加坡
(无国教)佛教(33%)、伊斯兰教(14%)、无宗教(18%)、基督宗教(18%)、道教和华人民间信仰(10%)、印度教(6.4%),锡克教或其他(0.6%)
印度尼西亚
(无国教,但是必须信仰宗教)(印尼宗教信仰)伊斯兰教(87.18%)、基督新教(7%)、罗马天主教(2.91%)、印度教(1.69%)、佛教(0.72%)、儒教(0.55%)、其他(0.45%)[39]
文莱
伊斯兰教(国教,79%)、佛教(8%)、基督宗教(9%)、其他(4.7%)
东帝汶
罗马天主教(国教,97.57%)、伊斯兰教(0.24%)、基督新教(1.96%)、其他(0.23%)
印度安达曼-尼科巴群岛
主要为印度教,其余为伊斯兰教、基督宗教、锡克教、佛教和耆那教
圣诞岛
伊斯兰教(19.4%)、佛教和道教(18.1%)、基督宗教(8.9%)、不信仰宗教者(15.2%)、其他信仰者(38.4%)
科科斯(基林)群岛
伊斯兰教(85%)、其他(15%)
南海诸岛
大乘佛教、基督宗教,伊斯兰教,儒家、道教和无宗教者
语言[编辑]
以下列表为东南亚各国的官方语言及主要语言。
国家/地区
官方语言
其他主要语言
文莱[40]
马来语、英语
官话、泰米尔语
柬埔寨[41]
高棉语
泰语、越南语、占语、官话等
东帝汶[42]
德顿语、印尼语、葡萄牙语
印度尼西亚
印尼语
爪哇语、巽他语、马都拉语、米南佳保语、布吉语、班查语、巴厘语等(印度尼西亚和拥有超过700种语言,是全球第二语言最多样化的国家[43])
老挝[44]
老挝语
泰语、越南语、苗语等
马来西亚[45]
马来语、英语
官话、泰米尔语等。
缅甸[46]
缅甸语
掸语、克伦语支、若开语、孟语、景颇语、库基-钦语支等
菲律宾
菲律宾语、英语
西班牙语、阿拉伯语、维萨亚斯语支等。
新加坡
英语、马来语、汉语官话、泰米尔语
其他汉语语支语言、印尼语、泰卢固语、印地语、旁遮普语、爪哇语等。
泰国
泰语[47]
官话、马来语、苗语、克伦语、掸语、老挝语等。
越南
越南语
高棉语、官话、苗语、占语等
圣诞岛[48]
英语
官话、马来语
科科斯(基林)群岛[49]
英语
马来语
安达曼-尼科巴群岛
印地语、英语
泰卢固语、泰米尔语、孟加拉语等
城市群[编辑]
印度尼西亚雅茂德坦勿(印度尼西亚语:Jabodetabek)(雅加达/西爪哇省/万丹省)(雅茂德坦勿是雅加达、茂物、德波、坦格朗和勿加泗五个雅加达卫星城市的缩写)
菲律宾马尼拉大都会(马尼拉/奎松市/马卡蒂/达义市/帕赛市/加洛坎市和其他十一个城市)
泰国曼谷都会区(曼谷/暖武里/北榄府/巴吞他尼府/龙仔厝府/佛统)
马来西亚大吉隆坡/巴生谷(吉隆坡/雪兰莪)
马来西亚大槟城(槟城/吉打/霹雳州)
越南胡志明市都会区(越南语:Vùng đô thị Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh)(胡志明市/头顿市)
缅甸仰光省(仰光/沙廉
越南河内首都圈(越南语:Vùng thủ đô Hà Nội)(河内市/海防市/下龙市)
印度尼西亚泗水都会区(印度尼西亚语:Gerbangkertosusila)(泗水/诗都阿佐
印度尼西亚万隆拉也(印度尼西亚语:Bandung Raya)(万隆/芝马墟)
菲律宾Metro Cebu(英语:Metro Cebu) (宿务市/曼达维市/拉普拉普市/塔里萨伊市和其他十一个城市)
菲律宾Metro Davao(英语:Metro Davao)(达沃市/迪戈斯
菲律宾Metro Iloilo-Guimaras(英语:Metro Iloilo-Guimaras)(伊洛伊洛市/帕维亚/奥通
柬埔寨金边(金边/干丹省)
政治与外交[编辑]
东盟与欧盟最明显的区别之一就在于东盟坚持奉行“互不干涉内政”原则,成员国之间互相尊重彼此采取的政体,同时在对待区域外国家的外交政策方面也不奉行统一的路线方针,但在南海问题上则采取彼此忍让、互不争斗的政策。
政体[编辑]
政体
实行此政体之国家及地区
备注
总统共和制
印度尼西亚、 菲律宾
印度尼西亚共和国和菲律宾共和国实行总统制共和政体。
议会共和制
新加坡
新加坡共和国实行议会制共和政体,但人民行动党长期执政并一党独大,其他政党权力微弱难以抗衡。
君主立宪制
泰国、 马来西亚、 柬埔寨
泰王国、马来西亚和柬埔寨王国实行君主立宪制政体,泰国国王在国内的政治影响力大于马来西亚最高元首和柬埔寨国王。
君主专制
文莱
文莱达鲁萨兰国实行君主专制政体,文莱苏丹兼任文莱首相独揽大权,政党权力微弱。
社会主义共和制
越南、 老挝
越南社会主义共和国和老挝人民民主共和国实行一党专政的社会主义共和国政体的社会主义国家,执政党总书记为党和国家最高领导人,地位和权力高于国家元首和政府首脑。
总统共和制及军政府
缅甸
缅甸联邦共和国宪法规定实行总统制共和政体,名义上实行联邦制,但军人阶层组建的政党仍然把持政坛。缅甸民主改革仍然任重道远。
东南亚国家及地区政体列表[编辑]
主权国家
国家元首
政府首脑
政治体制
立法/协商机构
国家结构形式
印度尼西亚
印尼总统
印尼总统兼任
总统制共和国
印度尼西亚人民协商会议
单一制
菲律宾
菲律宾总统
菲律宾总统兼任
总统制
菲律宾国会
单一制
新加坡
新加坡总统
新加坡总理
议会制
新加坡议会
单一制
马来西亚
马来西亚最高元首
马来西亚首相
君主立宪制
马来西亚国会
联邦制
泰国
泰国国王
泰国总理
泰国国会
单一制
柬埔寨
柬埔寨国王
柬埔寨总理
柬埔寨国会
单一制
文莱
文莱苏丹
文莱首相
君主专制
文莱立法会
单一制
越南
越南社会主义共和国主席越南共产党中央委员会总书记
越南总理
社会主义共和制
越南国会
单一制
老挝
老挝人民民主共和国主席老挝人民革命党中央委员会总书记
老挝总理
老挝国会
单一制
缅甸
缅甸总统
缅甸总理
总统制共和国
缅甸联邦议会
联邦制(名义上)实际为单一制
东帝汶
东帝汶总统
东帝汶总理
议会制共和国
东帝汶议会
单一制
外交[编辑]
2018年8月3日马来西亚首相马哈蒂尔·穆罕默德与美国国务卿麦克·蓬佩奥会面
菲律宾、泰国和新加坡从冷战开始至今一直奉行亲近美国的外交路线,美国在三个国家都有驻军。菲律宾在政治上(尤其南海问题上)与中华民国和中华人民共和国之冲突最为尖锐,在杜特尔特上台后争端稍微平缓下来。泰国和新加坡在中华人民共和国停止对外输出革命后与中华人民共和国较少直接冲突,北京奥运会圣火传递活动没有选择经停新加坡,非常耐人寻味。
印尼、马来西亚和冷战时期结束后的越南奉行均衡外交政策,不与任何一个大国结盟,也未允许外国在本国常驻军队,但也注意与美国保持友善以对抗中华人民共和国对南海的领土索求。越南常因领土利益问题与中华人民共和国发生冲突。
缅甸在冷战时期奉行中立外交政策,与美国、苏联、中华人民共和国保持“等距离”;90年代及21世纪初期与美国关系逐渐交恶,被美国和欧盟长期制裁;2011年实行“民主大选”后逐渐对外开放本国市场,与西方国家的关系迅速改善,同时注意拉近与日本、印度的关系以防止过度依赖中华人民共和国,而被其所控。
国小力弱的柬埔寨和老挝夹在中越泰三国之间左支右绌,很难在外交舞台上有所表现。
越南、菲律宾和马来西亚对南海岛礁的主权要求有重叠,但彼此之间没有发生过冲突。越南与菲律宾近年来在南海问题上多有合作。[50]
印尼与马来西亚、菲律宾与马来西亚之间亦有领土争端,但最后均采取了息事宁人、冻结争端的忍让政策。[51]
教育[编辑]
以下为东南亚境内据2022年度QS世界大学排名前十的大学:[52]
东南亚排名
世界排名(与2021年比较)
大学
国家
所属大学联盟
1
11 ━
新加坡国立大学
新加坡
国际研究型大学联盟、Universitas 21、环太平洋大学联盟、全球产学未来人才培养策略联盟、英联邦大学协会、东南亚高等学术机构协会、东盟大学联盟
2
12▲1
南洋理工大学
新加坡
环太平洋大学联盟、全球产学未来人才培养策略联盟、英联邦大学协会、东南亚高等学术机构协会、东盟大学联盟
3
65▼6
马来亚大学
马来西亚
国际大学协会、环太平洋大学联盟、全球产学未来人才培养策略联盟、英联邦大学协会、东南亚高等学术机构协会、东盟大学联盟
4
143▼11
博特拉大学
马来西亚
国际大学协会、全球产学未来人才培养策略联盟、英联邦大学协会、东南亚高等学术机构协会、东盟大学联盟
5
144▼2
马来西亚国立大学
马来西亚
全球产学未来人才培养策略联盟、东南亚高等学术机构协会、东盟大学联盟
6
147▼5
马来西亚理科大学
马来西亚
国际大学协会、全球产学未来人才培养策略联盟、东南亚高等学术机构协会、东盟大学联盟
7
191▼4
马来西亚工艺大学
马来西亚
东南亚高等学术机构协会
8
215▼7
朱拉隆功大学
泰国
环太平洋大学联盟、东南亚高等学术机构协会、东盟大学联盟
9
254 ━
加查马达大学
印度尼西亚
东盟大学联盟、东南亚高等学术机构协会
10
255▼3
玛希敦大学
泰国
国际大学协会、亚洲博雅大学联盟、东南亚高等学术机构协会、东盟大学联盟
体育[编辑]
以下为东南亚国家夏季奥林匹克运动会奖牌统计:
夏季奥林匹克运动会 (1896–2020)[编辑]
排名NOC金牌银牌铜牌总计1 泰国(THA)10817352 印度尼西亚(INA)81415373 菲律宾(PHI)158144 越南(VIE)13155 新加坡(SIN)12256 马来西亚(MAS)085137 文莱(BRU)0000 柬埔寨(CAM)0000 缅甸(MYA)0000 老挝(LAO)0000总计(共10个NOC)214048109
参见[编辑]
维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源:东南亚
维基学院中的相关研究或学习资源:东南亚
东南亚运动会
东南亚国家联盟
东南亚友好合作条约
澜湄合作
中国—东盟自由贸易区
一带一路
南中国海领土争端
参考资料[编辑]
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^ Islam, The Spread of Islam To Southeast Asia. History-world.org. [30 January 2017]. (原始内容存档于8 November 2018).
^ CURRENT POPULATION ESTIMATES, MALAYSIA, 2022 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)PRIME MINISTER'S DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS MALAYSIA,2022年7月29日
^ Gross Domestic Product (GDP) By State 2021 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)PRIME MINISTER'S DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS MALAYSIA,2022年6月30日
^ One Hundred Ports 2021 Pg.22-23 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)Lloyd's List,2021年8月20日
^ 新加坡经济发达 为何摩天大楼都不算太高 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)网易,2021年1月19日
^ Foreign workers from selected Asian countries, by destination, 2010-11: Thousands (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). International Migration Outlook 2012
^ National Commission on Muslim Filipino. www.ncmf.gov.ph. [2020-10-01]. (原始内容存档于2016-11-19).
^ BuddhaNet. World Buddhist Directory – Presented by BuddhaNet.Net. buddhanet.info. [2020-10-01]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-13).
^ Home Office: Country Information and Guidance — Vietnam: Religious minority groups (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). December 2014. Quoting United Nations' "Press Statement on the visit to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam by the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Hanoi, Viet Nam 31 July 2014. Vietnamese (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Quote, p. 8: "[...] According to the official statistics presented by the Government, the overall number of followers of recognized religions is about 24 million out of a population of almost 90 million. Formally recognized religious communities include 11 million Buddhists, 6.2 million Catholics, 1.4 million Protestants, 4.4 million Cao Dai followers, 1.3 million Hoa Hao Buddhists as well as 75,000 Muslims, 7000 Baha’ís, 1500 Hindus and others. The official number of places of worship comprises 26,387 pagodas, temples, churches and other religious facilities. [...] While the majority of Vietnamese do not belong to one of the officially recognized religious communities, they may nonetheless – occasionally or regularly – practise certain traditional rituals, usually referred to in Viet Nam under the term "belief". Many of those traditional rituals express veneration of ancestors. [...]"
^ Indonesia (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) – The World Factbook
^ CIA – The World Factbook – Brunei (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
^ CIA – The World Factbook – Cambodia (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
^ CIA – The World Factbook – East Timor (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
^ Top 20 Countries by Number of Languages Spoken. www.vistawide.com. [2016-05-28]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26).
^ CIA – The World Factbook – Laos (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
^ CIA – The World Factbook – Malaysia (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
^ Country: Myanmar (Burma). Joshua Project. [2020-10-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-11).
^ CIA – The World Factbook – Thailand (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
^ CIA – The World Factbook – Christmas Island (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
^ CIA – The World Factbook – Cocos (Keeling) Islands (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Cia.gov. Retrieved on 17 October 2011.
^ 菲律宾与越南计划在南海进行联合军演[图]-联合军演 联合军事演习 北子岛 菲律宾 海军官员 国防部 皇家海军 越南 会谈 人民军队-东方军事-东方网. mil.eastday.com. [2014-09-01]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-01).
^ chinanews. 菲律宾总统月底访问马来西亚 自称不谈沙巴问题-中新网. www.chinanews.com. [2014-09-01]. (原始内容存档于2014-09-03).
^ QS World University Rankings 2022 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)Top Universities,2022年
查论编亚洲东亚
中华人民共和国
中华民国1
日本
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东南亚
越南
柬埔寨
老挝
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也门
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埃及
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海外属地与其他特殊政区
阿克罗蒂里和泽凯利亚
英属印度洋领地
圣诞岛
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澳门
注1:未受国际普遍承认国家
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亚洲
东亚 · 东南亚 · 南亚 · 中亚 · 西亚/西南亚 · 北亚/西伯利亚 · 东北亚
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其他:东北非洲、西北非洲、大中东地区
欧洲
自然地理:东欧 · 西欧 · 南欧 · 北欧 · 中欧其他:中东欧 · 东南欧/巴尔干地区 · 欧俄
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气候区
热带:热带雨林 · 热带莽原 · 热带草原 · 热带沙漠 · 热带季风
亚热带:副热带湿润/夏雨型暖湿 · 副热带季风 · 地中海
温带:温带海洋性 · 温带大陆性 · 温带草原 · 温带沙漠 · 温带季风
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另见:世界七大洲 · 世界主义和世界政府
东南亚主题地理主题越南主题泰国主题马来西亚主题新加坡主题
规范控制
WorldCat Identities
GND: 4058448-3
NARA: 10046262
NDL: 00573262
NKC: ge128682
VIAF: 316430153
取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=东南亚&oldid=81680378”
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东南亚国家联盟 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
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序言
1成员国
开关成员国子章节
1.1观察员国
2歷史
3東盟會議
开关東盟會議子章节
3.1正式會議
3.2區域論壇
4周边贸易关系
开关周边贸易关系子章节
4.1东盟十加三
4.2東亞自由貿易區
4.3区域全面经济伙伴关系协定
5体育
开关体育子章节
5.1東南亞運動會
5.2東南亞足球錦標賽
5.3東南亞職業籃球聯賽
6成效與局限
7注釋
8参见
9參考資料
10外部連結
开关目录
东南亚国家联盟
143种语言
AcèhAfrikaansAlemannischአማርኛAragonésअंगिकाالعربيةمصرىঅসমীয়াAsturianuAzərbaycancaتۆرکجهБашҡортсаBasa BaliŽemaitėškaBatak TobaBikol CentralБеларускаяБеларуская (тарашкевіца)БългарскиभोजपुरीBanjarပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏবাংলাBrezhonegBosanskiCatalàНохчийнCebuanoکوردیQırımtatarcaČeštinaCymraegDanskDeutschΕλληνικάEnglishEsperantoEspañolEestiEuskaraفارسیSuomiVõroFrançaisGalegoAvañe'ẽBahasa Hulontalo客家語/Hak-kâ-ngîעבריתहिन्दीFiji HindiHrvatskiMagyarՀայերենInterlinguaBahasa IndonesiaIlokanoIdoÍslenskaItaliano日本語JawaქართულიҚазақшаភាសាខ្មែរಕನ್ನಡ한국어Къарачай-малкъарKernowekКыргызчаLatinaLëtzebuergeschLigureLombardລາວLietuviųLatviešuमैथिलीBasa BanyumasanMalagasyMinangkabauМакедонскиമലയാളംМонголमराठीBahasa MelayuMirandésမြန်မာဘာသာمازِرونیनेपालीनेपाल भाषाNederlandsNorsk nynorskNorsk bokmålOccitanИронਪੰਜਾਬੀKapampanganPolskiPiemontèisپنجابیپښتوPortuguêsRomânăРусскийРусиньскыйСаха тылаSicilianuScotsسنڌيSrpskohrvatski / српскохрватскиၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး සිංහලSimple EnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaShqipСрпски / srpskiSundaSvenskaKiswahiliதமிழ்తెలుగుTetunไทยTagalogTürkçeТатарча / tatarçaУкраїнськаاردوOʻzbekcha / ўзбекчаVènetoTiếng ViệtWinaray吴语მარგალურიייִדישYorùbáVahcuengh文言Bân-lâm-gú粵語
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维基共享资源
维基百科,自由的百科全书
东南亚国家联盟
(其成员国语言中的名称)
英文:Association of Southeast Asian Nations马来文:Persatuan Negara-Negara Asia Tenggara印尼文:Perhimpunan Bangsa-Bangsa Asia Tenggara淡米爾文:தென்கிழக்காசியமைப்பு高棉文:សមាគមន៏ប្រជាជាតិអាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ老挝文:ສະມາຄົມປະຊາຊາດແຫ່ງອາຊີຕະເວັນອອກສຽງໃຕ້缅甸文:အရှေ့တောင်အာရှနိုင်ငံများအသင်း菲律賓文:Samahan ng mga Bansa sa Timog-Silangang Asya泰文:สมาคมประชาชาติแห่งเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้越南文:Hiệp hội các quốc gia Đông Nam Á中文:亚细安组织东南亚国家联盟東南亞國家協會
會旗格言:「同一願景,同一立場,一同聯盟」[1]"One Vision, One Identity, One Community"(英語)會歌:《東盟之路》[2]秘书处 印度尼西亞雅加达a官方工作语言英文[3]类型政治-经济联盟成员国
东盟十国
泰國
马来西亚
新加坡
菲律賓
印度尼西亞
文莱
越南
老挝
緬甸
柬埔寨
2个观察国
东帝汶
巴布亚新几内亚
领导人• 峰会轮值主席 通伦·西苏里• 秘书长 高金华
成立• 东南亚联盟 1961年7月31日 (1961-07-31)• 曼谷宣言 1967年8月8日 (1967-08-08)• 东盟宪章 2007年11月20日 (2007-11-20)• 宪章生效 2008年12月16日 (2008-12-16)
面积• 4,479,210.5平方公里人口• 2021年估计667,393,019[4]• 密度144/平方公里GDP(PPP)2022年估计• 总计▲ $9.731万亿[4]
• 人均▲ $14,441[4]
GDP(国际汇率)2022年估计• 总计▲ $3.595万亿[4]
• 人均▲ $5,336[4]
人类发展指数▲ 0.723(2018年)高
货币
10种
汶萊元(BND)
印尼盾(IDR)
柬埔寨瑞爾(KHR)
寮國基普(LAK)
緬甸基雅特(MMK)
马来西亚令吉(MYR)
菲律賓披索(PHP)
新加坡元(SGD)
泰銖(THB)
越南盾(VND)
时区UTC+06:30 - UTC+08:00(东盟统一时区)电话区号
10個
+60
+62
+63
+65
+66
+84
+95
+673
+855
+856
互联网顶级域
10个
.bn
.id
.kh
.la
.mm
.my
.ph
.sg
.th
.vn
网站www.asean.org
地址:Jalan Sisingamangaraja No.70A, South Jakarta[5]使用成员国的联合国开发计划署数据计算。
若視作以單一實體而言。Selected key basic ASEAN indicators(人口)年均增長1.6%
「东南亚国家联盟」的各地常用名稱中国大陸东南亚国家联盟(东盟) 臺灣東南亞國家協會(東協) 港澳東南亞國家聯盟(東盟) 新加坡亚细安组织(亚细安) 馬來西亞东南亚国家联盟(东盟)东南亚国家协会(东协)东南亚国家合作机构(东合)[6]
本页面有缅文字母,操作系统及浏览器須支持特殊字母与符号才能正確显示为缅文字母,否则可能變成乱码、问号、空格等其它符号。
雅加达东盟秘书处的各成员国国旗
东南亚国家联盟(英語:Association of Southeast Asian Nations,新加坡称作亚细安组织,台湾称作東南亞國家協會),简称东盟(英文縮寫ASEAN,新加坡简称亚细安,台湾简称東南亞國協、东協),是集合东南亚区域国家的一个政府性国际组织。[7]
東盟成立初期,基于冷战背景立場反共,主要任務之一為防止區域內共產主義勢力擴張,合作側重在軍事安全與政治中立。冷戰結束後东南亚各國政經情勢趨穩,並接納越南社會主義共和國和寮人民民主共和國加入。
成员国[编辑]
主条目:东盟成员国列表
东盟目前共有10个正式的成员国,合称东盟十国(ASEAN 10),另外还有一个候选国和一个观察国:
成员国
首都
国体
政体
加入时间[8]
创始身份
文莱
斯里巴加湾
君主制
君主专制
1984年1月7日
否
柬埔寨
金边
君主制
议会制
1999年4月30日
否
印度尼西亞
雅加达
共和制
总统制
1967年8月8日
是
老挝
万象
共和制
社会主义
1997年7月23日
否
马来西亚
吉隆坡
君主制
议会制
1967年8月8日
是
緬甸
内比都
共和制
议会制
1997年7月23日
否
菲律賓
马尼拉
共和制
总统制
1967年8月8日
是
新加坡
新加坡
共和制
议会制
1967年8月8日
是
泰國
曼谷
君主制
议会制
1967年8月8日
是
越南
河内
共和制
社会主义
1995年7月28日
否
观察员国[编辑]
巴布亚新几内亚(1976年赋予)
东帝汶(2002年申请加入,2022年赋予观察员席位)
歷史[编辑]
1961年7月31日,泰国、马来亚[註 1]和菲律宾成立东南亚联盟(ASA)。1963年,马来西亚和菲律宾因为领土问题断交。1965年8月,马来西亚、新加坡分治,联盟由此陷于瘫痪。
1967年8月6日,立場反共的泰国、马来西亚、新加坡、菲律宾、印尼五国外长在曼谷举行会议,于8月8日发表了《东盟宣言》,正式宣告東盟恢復運作并更名為“東南亞國家聯盟”。1976年,在峇里島举行的东南亚国家联盟第一次首脑会议签署了《东南亚友好合作条约》和《亚细安协调一致宣言》,也就是《峇里第一協約》,确定了東盟的宗旨和原则,成為发展的重要里程碑。1977年8月,第二次东盟首脑会议在吉隆坡举行。[9]1984年1月8日,同年元旦独立的文莱加入東盟,至此,東盟有6个成员国。由于后来其他东南亚4个国家加入东盟,这6个成员称为原東盟成员或東盟老成员。
1995年7月28日,越南加入。1997年7月23日,老挝、缅甸加入。1999年4月30日,柬埔寨加入。2006年7月,东帝汶提出申請加入東盟。另巴布亞新几內亞因领土在东南亚之外被列为東盟觀察員。
2007年8月8日,為慶祝東盟成立40週年,特定當天為东盟日。11月20日,東協十國元首在新加坡簽署《東盟憲章》。2009年4月11日,芭堤雅東盟會議成員所下榻兩間酒店遭親他信反阿披实紅衫軍群眾嚴重干擾而腰斬。2010年,与中国建立中国—东盟自由贸易区,形成「東協加一」規模為全球人囗數最多,開發中國家最大的自由貿易區。2012年11月18日,东盟十国签署了象征人权领域合作成果的《亚细安人权宣言》。《宣言》旨在保障本区域人民的人权,以作为未来人权合作的基本框架。[10]2015年11月22日,東盟十國於馬來西亞召開的第二十七屆高峰會簽署共同聲明,成立東南亞經濟共同體(AEC)。共同體將於同年12月31日正式上路。[11]
2022年11月11日,在柬埔寨金边举行的第41届东盟峰会上,与会领导人发表共同声明,原则上同意接纳东帝汶成为第11个正式成员国,授予其更高的观察员地位以允许其参与各种东盟会议,并将于2023年东盟峰会期间制定东帝汶加入东盟的具体路线图。[12]
2023年6月22日,东盟首次联合军演在印尼所属水域南纳土纳海舉行。[13]
東盟會議[编辑]
正式會議[编辑]
东盟成员国
缅甸
老挝
越南
泰国
柬埔寨
菲律宾
文莱
马 来 西 亚
马来西亚
新加坡
印 度 尼 西 亚
东盟成员国 人类发展指数[14]:22–24
主权国家
人类发展指数 (2018)
新加坡
0.935 (最高)
非常高
文莱
0.845
非常高
马来西亚
0.804
非常高
泰國
0.765
高
东盟
0.723 (中等)
高
菲律賓
0.712
高
印度尼西亞
0.707
高
越南
0.693
中等
老挝
0.604
中等
緬甸
0.584
中等
柬埔寨
0.581 (最低)
中等
官方語言(按使用者百分比)
語言
母語
總共
馬來
11%
43%
越南
11%
14%
緬甸
5%
7%
他加祿
4%
12%
寮/依善
4%
11%
泰語
4%
10%
高棉
2%
2%
華語
<1%
1%
坦米爾
<1%
<1%
英語
<1%
不明
主条目:东盟首脑会议
東盟正式會議
屆
日期
國家
城市/地點
主持
1
1976年2月23-24日
印度尼西亞
峇里
苏哈托
2
1977年8月4-5日
马来西亚
吉隆坡
胡先翁
3
1987年12月14-15日
菲律賓
馬尼拉
柯拉蓉·阿基诺
4
1992年1月27-29日
新加坡
新加坡
吴作栋
5
1995年12月14-15日
泰國
曼谷
班汉·西巴阿差
6
1998年12月15-16日
越南
河內
黎可漂
7
2001年11月5-6日
文莱
斯里巴加灣
哈山纳·波基亚
8
2002年11月4-5日
柬埔寨
金邊
洪森
9
2003年10月7-8日
印度尼西亞
峇里
梅加瓦蒂
10
2004年11月29-30日
老挝
永珍
坎代·西潘敦
11
2005年12月12-14日
马来西亚
吉隆坡
阿卜杜拉·巴达维
12
2007年1月11-14日1
菲律賓2
曼達維市
格洛丽亚
13
2007年11月18-22日
新加坡
新加坡
李显龙
143
2009年2月27日-3月1日2009年4月10-11日
泰國
清邁、華欣芭達雅
阿披实·威差奇瓦
15
2009年10月23日
清邁、華欣
阿披实·威差奇瓦
16
2010年4月8-9日
越南
河内
阮晉勇
17
2010年10月28-31日
184
2011年5月7-8日
印度尼西亞
雅加达
苏西洛·班邦·尤多约诺
194
2011年10月21-23日
峇里
苏西洛·班邦·尤多约诺
20
2012年4月3-4日
柬埔寨
金邊
洪森
21
2012年11月17-20日
22
2013年4月24-25日
文莱
斯里巴加湾
哈桑纳尔·博尔基亚
23
2013年10月9日
24
2014年5月10-13日
緬甸
奈比多
登盛
25
2014年11月10-12日
26
2015年4月26-27日
马来西亚
吉隆坡、浮羅交怡
纳吉·阿都拉萨
27
2015年11月18-22日
吉隆坡
28
2016年9月6-8日
老挝
永珍
通伦·西苏里
29
2016年9月6-8日
30(英语:2017 ASEAN Summits)
2017年4月28-29日
菲律賓
帕賽市
杜特蒂
31(英语:2017 ASEAN Summits)
2017年11月10-14日
32
2018年4月25-28日
新加坡
新加坡
李顯龍
33
2018年11月11-15日
34
2019年6月20-23日
泰國
曼谷
巴育
35
2019年11月1-4日
365
2020年6月26日
越南
河内
阮春福
375
2020年11月11日
3856
2021年10月26-28日
文莱
斯里巴加湾
哈桑纳尔·博尔基亚
3956
406
2022年11月10-13日
柬埔寨
金边
洪森
416
42
2023年5月9-11日
印度尼西亞
拉布安巴佐
佐科·维多多
43
2023年9月5-7日
雅加达
1 原訂於2006年12月10-14日舉行,後因颱風尤特而推遲。
2 由於緬甸受美國及歐盟巨大壓力而退出,改由菲律賓主辦會議
3 會議由兩部分組成。第一部分由原訂2008年12月12-17日改期,因為2008年泰國政治危機。第二部分在4月11日取消,因為有示威者進入會場。
4 由於 印度尼西亞2013年要主辦亞太經合組織會議(以及有可能主辦二十國集團會議,儘管最終落戶俄羅斯), 印度尼西亞透過與 文莱對調年份,連續主辦兩次。
5 由於2019冠状病毒病疫情一度推迟并最终改为视频会议,本表中这4届的河内及斯里巴加湾指的是主席国会议服务器驻地。
6 因受到2021年緬甸軍事政變及其示威活动影响,缅甸军方领导人被禁止出席峰会,该国因而未参加第38届至41届峰会。主办方曾提出可以邀请“非政府代表”,但未获接受。
區域論壇[编辑]
東盟區域論壇(英文:ASEAN Regional Forum,簡稱ARF)是亞太地區正式的,官方的,多邊的對話。截至2007年7月,它包括二十七名參加者。 ARF的目標是促進對話和磋商,並促進該地區的建立信任和預防性外交。[15] ARF第一次在1994年舉行會議。ARF目前的參與者是:所有東盟成員國,澳大利亞,孟加拉國,加拿大,中華人民共和國,歐盟,印度,日本,朝鮮,韓國,蒙古,新西蘭,巴基斯坦,巴布亞新幾內亞,俄羅斯,東帝汶,美國和斯里蘭卡。[16]
周边贸易关系[编辑]
东盟十加三[编辑]
主条目:東協十加三
東盟成立之初,視正處於“文革”浪潮中的中华人民共和国為共產主義擴展的嚴重威脅,而中华人民共和国則視東盟為反共集團[17][18][19],但在1972年美國總統尼克森正式訪问中华人民共和国,中美關係正常化後,東盟各成員國亦開始陸續追随美国與中华人民共和国建交,並解除對華貿易禁令。隨著東歐劇變、蘇聯解體與冷戰結束,中华人民共和国於1996年成为東盟全面对话伙伴,与日本、韩国和一样透过“東協十加三会议”与东盟成员国进行共同协商。
東亞自由貿易區[编辑]
2004年11月29日中华人民共和国與東盟在老挝首都永珍簽署「中國-東盟全面經濟合作框架協議貨物貿易協議」,朝推動成立自由貿易協議區(東盟十加一)的方向推進。為達到2010年中国—东盟自由贸易区物流零關稅的目標,雙方決定自2005年開始,針對部分貨品開始協商免稅,再逐漸擴大到2010年時達到全面免稅的目標。另一方面,日本與韓國也宣布將自2005年開始,與東協十國協商自由貿易區談判,以作為成立东盟自由贸易区(十加三)的起步。[20]
区域全面经济伙伴关系协定[编辑]
主条目:区域全面经济伙伴关系协定
区域全面经济伙伴关系协定(英語:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership,缩写为RCEP)是由东南亚国家联盟十国发起,由中華人民共和國、日本、韩国、澳大利亚、新西兰等与東盟有自由貿易協定的五国共同参加,共计15个缔约方所构成的高级自由貿易协定。此协议也向其他外部经济体开放,比如中亚国家、南亚及大洋洲其他国家[21]。RCEP旨在通过削减关税及非关税壁垒,建立统一市场的自由贸易协定。经批准生效后,“各成员之间关税减让以立即降至零关税、10年内降至零关税的承诺为主”[22]。
2019年11月4日,谈判完成,但印度中途退出。2020年11月15日,已15个RCEP缔约方正式簽署協定[23]。由此,该协定超越歐盟自由貿易区成為世界上最大自由貿易經濟體系。
截至2021年11月2日,已有6个东盟成员国缔约方和4个非东盟成员国缔约方向东盟秘书长正式提交核准书,标志协定满足生效条件(6个东盟成员国缔约方和3个非东盟成员国缔约方核准),根据协定规定,RCEP将在达到协定生效门槛六十天后的2022年1月1日开始生效。因韩国在2021年12月2日才批准该协定,该协定在韩国的生效日期为2022年2月1日[24][25];因马来西亚在2022年1月17日交存核准书,该协定在马来西亚的生效日期为2022年3月18日[26]。
2022年1月1日,协议正式生效[27],由此该协定超越欧洲联盟,成为目前世界最大的自由贸易协议[28]。
体育[编辑]
東南亞運動會[编辑]
主条目:东南亚运动会
东南亚运动会是一项每两年举办一次的大型综合性地区体育赛事,参赛的国家包括了东南亚地区的11个国家,赛事由国际奥委会和亚洲奥林匹克理事会监督的东南亚运动会联盟管理。东南亚运动会目前已具有相当规模,对整个东南亚地区体育运动的开展,起到了积极的推动作用。
東南亞足球錦標賽[编辑]
主条目:東南亞足球錦標賽
东南亚足球锦标赛是每两年举办一次的东南亚地区足球锦标赛,由亚细安足球协会主办,参赛国来自东南亚地区,首届赛事于1996年举行,当时獲得啤酒品牌虎牌啤酒的贊助,因此賽事被冠名為虎牌杯,直至2006年起賽事更名为东南亚足球锦标赛。
東南亞職業籃球聯賽[编辑]
东南亚职业篮球联赛成立于2009年,是东南亚国家首个职业篮球联赛。
成效與局限[编辑]
至20世紀末,東盟在地區經濟合作方面成效不算明顯,因為各成員國主要關心對自己國家有利的經濟計劃,對本國無利益的計畫都不大關心,事實上,東盟部份成員國財富差距甚大(例如新加坡、汶萊和老撾、緬甸、柬埔寨的經濟狀況各走極端),因而難以制訂一個能顧全全部成員國的經濟合作計畫。
此外,東盟規條規定不干涉成員國內政,1990年緬甸軍政府不承認選舉落敗的結果,更軟禁了昂山素姬,但是緬甸仍可於1997年加入東盟。
東盟在維護東南亞地區和平方面取得較大成效,早在1978年越南入侵柬埔寨時,東盟五個始創成員國(泰國、馬來西亞、新加坡、菲律賓、印尼)已不定時舉行聯合軍事演習,最終更成功使越南於1989年從柬埔寨撤兵。
1984年1月1日,汶萊獨立,1月7日加入東盟,成為東盟第六個成員國,六國於1986年合作,舉辦東盟旅遊年,推廣東南亞旅遊業,其後合作增大,容納過往關係疏離的成員國(老撾、緬甸、柬埔寨)甚至是曾經敵對的越南,至今除東帝汶外,所有東南亞國家已經加入東盟,東盟也不再滿足於區域合作,找尋新的合作夥伴,例如印度、中國、日本、韓國、美國、歐盟等,東南亞國家的国际地位也大幅提高,此為東盟的成效。
注釋[编辑]
^ 马来亚是马来西亚的前身,不包括新加坡、砂拉越及沙巴,马来西亚在1963年9月16日才成立。后1965年8月9日,馬來西亞國會以126票贊成、0票反對,同意將新加坡驅逐出聯邦。新加坡因此被迫独立。
参见[编辑]
东盟成员国列表
中国—东盟自由贸易区
中國—東協科技產業合作委員會
东南亚条约组织
北美自由貿易協定
歐洲聯盟
北大西洋公約組織
世界贸易组织
參考資料[编辑]
^ Aseanweb – Asean Motto. Asean.org. [2011-08-08]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-28).
^ ASEANWEB - ASEAN Anthem. [2012-09-01]. (原始内容存档于2012-09-02).
^ The ASEAN Charter (PDF). ASEAN: 29. 2007-11-20 [2016-06-29]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-04-20).
^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Report for Selected Countries and Subjects. IMF. [2022-01-26]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-31) (英语).
^ ASEAN Centres & Facilities. ASEAN. Association of Southeast Asian Nations. [2015-09-16]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-06).
^ 楊欣儒:東盟、東協、東合、亞細安. 中國報. 2018-07-13 [2021-09-19].
^ 東協峰會月底在泰召開. [2009-02-10]. (原始内容存档于2009-02-15).
^ Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Nuclear Threat Initiative. 2017-01-31 [2017-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-13).
^ 陆伟:“当代亚洲地区国家政治与经济”,Dangdai Yazhoudiqu Guojiazhengzhi Yu Jingji,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2012.12,p.227
^ 亚细安签署《人权宣言》. 联合早报. 2012-11-19.
^ 東南亞經濟共同體今成立 年底上路. 2015-11-22 [2015-11-22]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-22).
^ ASEAN agrees in principle to admit East Timor as 11th member. 路透社. 2022年11月11日 [2022年11月11日]. (原始内容存档于2023年1月25日) (英语).
^ 东盟首次联合军演 中国因素不容忽视. 美国之音. 2023-06-23 [2023-06-23]. (原始内容存档于2023-09-12) (中文).
^ Global 2018 Human Development Report Overview - English (PDF). New York: United Nations Development Program (UNDP). 2017: 22–24 [2018-09-15]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-03-22).
^ About Us (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), ASEAN Regional Forum official website. Retrieved 12 June 2006. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
^ ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Government of Australia. [2015-02-12]. (原始内容存档于2015-02-27).
^ 「中國大陸-東盟自由貿易區」的政治經濟分析 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (繁體中文)
^ 中華人民共和國東盟15年不僅是消除敵意 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (繁體中文)
^ 中華人民共和國與東南亞關係研究 區域安全系列分析之二:從對立到協作的發展路徑
^ 黃鴻鈞 (Hung-Chun Huang); 施信佑; 許家瑋. 探索台灣對東南亞地區科技交流模式. 產業與管理論壇 (工業技術研究院產業科技國際策略發展所/國立清華大學科技管理研究所). 2021-12-27, 23 (4): 4-36 [2022-08-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-08-28).
^ What is the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)? Ministry of Trade and Industry Singapore November 2012. 新加坡政府. [2014-04-01]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2020-04-29).
^ Staff, Reuters. 中国、日本和东盟等15国签署RCEP协定为全球规模最大 中方称将推动早日生效. Reuters. 2020-11-16 [2020-11-16]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-02) (英语).
^ 区域全面经济伙伴关系协定正式签署. 央视新闻. 2020-11-15 [2020-11-15]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-02).
^ 引证错误:没有为名为South Korea的参考文献提供内容
^ Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement to enter into force on 1 January 2022. Asean. 2021-11-02 [2021-11-04]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-02).
^ 见道网. [马来西亚完成RCEP核准程序] 马来西亚已于1月17日向东盟秘书处提交对区域全面经济伙伴关系协定(RCEP)的核准书。根据RCEP规定,该协定将在核准书提交60天后生效。编辑/许生鹏. 2022-01-26 [2022-01-27]. (原始内容存档于2022-05-11) (中文).
^ 明天起,这些外贸新规开始实施!5月国际贸易投资新规千万别错过!. 中国国际贸易促进委员会浙江省委员会. 2022-05-05 [2022-05-05].
^ Mullen, Andrew. What is RCEP, the world's largest free trade deal that is under way?. South China Morning Post. 2022-01-01 [2022-01-03]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-04). It is the world's largest free trade agreement, as it covers nearly a third of the global population and about 30 per cent of its global gross domestic product
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第二次冷战
1940年代
摩根索計劃
虎克軍反叛
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希腊十二月冲突(英语:Dekemvriana)
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被诅咒的士兵
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没落行动
波茨坦会议
古琴科事件
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支配行动
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四十黑名单行动(英语:Operation Blacklist Forty)
伊朗危机
希腊内战
巴魯克計畫
科孚海峽事件
土耳其海峽危機
對德政策的重述
第一次印度支那戰爭
杜鲁门主义
亞洲關係會議
1947年5月危机(英语:May 1947 crises)
马歇尔计划
莫洛托夫計劃
经济互助委员会
二月事件 (捷克斯洛伐克)
阿尔瓦思巴起义(英语:Al-Wathbah uprising)
第一次中东战争
1947-1948年巴勒斯坦託管地內戰
1948年阿拉伯-以色列戰爭
1948年巴勒斯坦人大流亡
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铁幕
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国共内战
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台湾海峡两岸分裂
馬來亞緊急狀態
缅甸共产主义叛乱
1949年3月叙利亚政变(英语:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état)
阿爾巴尼亞政变(英语:Albanian Subversion)
1950年代
竹幕
朝鲜战争
麦卡锡主义
茅茅起義
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7月23日革命
1953年伊朗政變
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罗森堡夫妇案
《馬德里條約(英语:Pact of Madrid)》
布里克爾修正案(英语:Bricker Amendment)
1954年危地马拉政变
1954年日內瓦會議
绿山战争
越南战争
第一次台灣海峽危機
塞浦路斯紧急状态
黄金行动
1955年日內瓦高峰會
萬隆會議
波茲南事件
1956年匈牙利革命
第二次中东战争
“我们要埋葬你们”
伊夫尼战争
格拉迪奥行动
阿拉伯冷战(英语:Arab Cold War)
1957年叙利亚危机(英语:Syrian Crisis of 1957)
1958年黎巴嫩危机
7月14日革命
史普尼克危機
第二次台灣海峽危機
1959年藏区骚乱
1959年摩蘇爾起義(英语:1959 Mosul uprising)
古巴革命
古巴革命的影响(英语:Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution)
赫鲁晓夫解冻
厨房辩论
中苏交恶
1960年代
刚果危机
辛巴叛亂(英语:Simba rebellion)
1960年U-2擊墜事件
猪湾事件
1960年土耳其政变
苏阿决裂
伊拉克–库尔德冲突(英语:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict)
第一次伊拉克–库尔德战争(英语:First Iraqi–Kurdish War)
1961年柏林危機
柏林圍牆
巴布亞衝突
沙漠戰爭
葡萄牙殖民地戰爭
安哥拉独立战争
幾內亞比索獨立戰爭
莫桑比克独立战争
古巴导弹危机
埃爾·波特納佐(英语:El Porteñazo)
中印边境战争
砂拉越共产主义叛乱
斋月革命
厄立特里亚独立战争
北也门内战
1963年叙利亚政变
约翰·F·肯尼迪遇刺案
亞丁緊急状态(英语:Aden Emergency)
1963年塞浦路斯危机(英语:Cyprus crisis of 1963–64)
越南战争
叛乱战争(英语:Shifta War)
墨西哥肮脏战争(英语:Mexican Dirty War)
特拉特洛尔科事件
危地马拉内战
哥倫比亞內戰
1964年巴西政變
多米尼加內戰
羅德西亞叢林戰爭
南非边境战争
印度尼西亞過渡期(英语:Transition to the New Order)
九三〇事件
印尼反共大清洗
新秩序
多米諾骨牌理論
东盟宣言
寮國內戰
1966年叙利亚政变
阿根廷革命(英语:Argentine Revolution)
文化大革命
朝韩非军事区冲突
希臘軍政府
六七暴動
第三次中东战争
埃以消耗战争
佐法尔叛乱
南也门战争(英语:Al-Wadiah War)
尼日利亚内战
普韦布洛号危机
鉛弹岁月
六八运动
五月风暴
布拉格之春
1968年波兰政治危机
马来亚共产党叛乱
華約入侵捷克斯洛伐克
正常化
7月17日革命
中苏边界冲突
珍宝岛事件
铁列克提事件
利比亚绿色革命
足球戰爭
古拉什共产主义
菲律宾共产主义叛乱
纠正行动
1970年代
缓和政策
《不扩散核武器条约》
1970年约旦内战
阿爾科拉演習
叙利亚校正运动
西撒哈拉冲突(英语:Western Sahara conflict)
1970年波兰抗议事件
柬埔寨內戰
越南战争
胡差暴動
现实政治
乒乓外交
埃及校正运动(英语:Corrective Revolution (Egypt))
1971年土耳其备忘录政變(英语:1971 Turkish military memorandum)
1971年苏丹政變(英语:1971 Sudanese coup d'état)
柏林四强协定
孟加拉国解放战争
1972年尼克松访华
南北也门1972年边境冲突
第一次也門戰爭(英语:Yemenite War of 1972)
慕尼黑惨案
孟加拉国共产主义骚乱(英语:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency)
第一次厄立特里亚内战(英语:Eritrean Civil Wars)
1973年烏拉圭政變(英语:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état)
1973年阿富汗政變
1973年智利政變
贖罪日戰爭
1973年石油危机
康乃馨革命
苏联绕飞日本常规化
西班牙民主转型
印度尼西亚占领东帝汶
希腊民主转型(英语:Metapolitefsi)
战略武器限制谈判
第二次伊拉克–库尔德战争(英语:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War)
土耳其入侵塞浦路斯
安哥拉内战
赫尔辛基协议
莫三比克內戰
奧羅莫衝突(英语:Oromo conflict)
歐加登戰爭
1978年索马里政变(英语:1978 Somali coup d'état attempt)
西撒哈拉战争
埃塞俄比亚内战
黎巴嫩內戰
中阿决裂
柬越戰爭
兀鷹行動
阿根廷骯髒戰爭
1976年阿根廷政变(英语:1976 Argentine coup d'état)
利比亚–埃及战争(英语:Libyan–Egyptian War)
德意志之秋
南黎巴嫩冲突
大韓航空902號班機空難
尼加拉瓜革命
烏坦戰爭
改革开放
NDF叛乱(英语:NDF Rebellion)
乍得—利比亞衝突
1979年葉門戰爭(英语:Yemenite War of 1979)
麦加禁寺围困事件
伊朗伊斯蘭革命
沙爾革命
中越战争
中越边境冲突
新宝石运动
1979年赫拉特起义
七日抵達萊茵河演習
反對蘇聯政治精神迫害鬥爭(英语:Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union)
1980年代
薩爾瓦多內戰
阿富汗战争
联合抵制1980年夏季奥运会
秘鲁内部冲突
第二次厄立特里亚内战(英语:Eritrean Civil Wars)
1980年土耳其政变(英语:1980 Turkish coup d'état)
两伊战争
乌干达丛林战争
锡德拉湾事件
西方-81演习
卡萨芒斯冲突(英语:Casamance conflict)
福克兰战争
第五次中东战争
1982年埃塞俄比亚–索马里边界战争(英语:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War)
1983年苏联核警报误报事件
美國入侵格林納達
仰光爆炸事件
1983年優秀射手演習
星球大战计划
联合抵制1984年夏季奥运会
东芝事件
1986年黑海事件(英语:1986 Black Sea incident)
南也门内战(英语:South Yemen Civil War)
豐田戰爭
圣灵抵抗军叛乱
臺灣戒嚴令解除
1988年黑海撞船事件
布干维尔内战
伊朗航空655號班機空難
8888民主運動
团结工会
苏联对团结工会的应对(英语:Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981)
康特拉
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也門統一
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其他
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组织
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狩猎俱乐部(英语:Safari Club)
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積極策略(英语:Active measures)
《消息报》
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北約與俄羅斯的關係
蘇聯與俄羅斯於美國的間諜活動史(英语:Russian espionage in the United States)
美蘇關係
美蘇首腦會議
第二次冷战
1917年俄国革命
查论编麦格塞塞奖和平与国际理解奖获得者1950年代
1958年:兄弟会行动(英语:Operation Brotherhood)
1960年代
1960年:晏陽初
1961年:吉纳维芙·考菲尔德(英语:Genevieve Caulfield)
1962年:加爾各答德肋撒修女
1963年:和平队
1964年:威尔茜·洪辛格·费舍尔(英语:Welthy Honsinger Fisher)
1965年:菲律宾国家民间舞蹈团(英语:Bayanihan Philippine National Folk Dance Company)
1966年:湄公河委员会
1967年:那須皓(英语:Shiroshi Nasu)
1968年:美国各地救济合作社(英语:CARE (relief agency))
1969年:國際稻米研究所
1970年代
1971年:大来佐武郎
1973年:世界少数民族语文研究院
1974年:威廉·马斯特森(英语:William Masterson)
1975年:帕特里克·詹姆斯·麦克格林奇(英语:Patrick James McGlinchey)
1976年:亨宁·霍尔克-拉森(英语:Henning Holck-Larsen)
1977年:菲律宾大学洛斯巴尼奥斯分校农学院(英语:UPLB College of Agriculture)
1978年:苏贾特莫科(英语:Soedjatmoko)
1979年:东南亚国家联盟
1980年代
1980年:松本重治(英语:Shigeharu Matsumoto)
1981年:康貞烈(英语:Augustine Joung Kang)
1983年:阿洛伊修斯·施瓦茨(英语:Aloysius Schwartz)
1984年:川喜田二郎(英语:Jiro Kawakita)
1985年:哈罗德·雷·沃森(英语:Harold Ray Watson)
1986年:国际乡村改造研究院(英语:International Institute of Rural Reconstruction)
1987年:理查德·威廉·蒂姆(英语:Richard William Timm)
1988年:泰国皇室计划(英语:The Royal Project (Thailand))
1989年:亞洲理工學院
1990年代
1991年:亚洲新闻基金会(英语:Press Foundation of Asia)
1992年:薛華盛(英语:Washington SyCip)
1993年:岩村昇(英语:Noboru Iwamura)
1994年:爱德华多·豪尔赫·安索雷纳(英语:Eduardo Jorge Anzorena)
1995年:亞洲管理研究所
1996年:高见敏弘(英语:Toshihiro Takami)
1997年:绪方贞子
1998年:柯拉蓉·艾奎諾
2000年代
2000年:乔金·阿普瑟姆(英语:Jockin Arputham)
2001年:平山郁夫
2002年:法轮高僧(英语:Pomnyun)
2003年:中村哲
远山正瑛
2004年:拉克斯米纳拉延·拉姆达斯(英语:Laxminarayan Ramdas)
伊本·阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼(英语:Ibn Abdur Rehman)
2006年:桑杜克·鲁伊特(英语:Sanduk Ruit)
2007年:唐锡阳
2008年:艾哈迈德·沙菲伊·马里夫(英语:Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif)
规范控制
WorldCat Identities
BIBSYS: 90118173
BNE: XX112913
BNF: cb119894254 (data)
CiNii: DA01824791
GND: 116362-0
ISNI: 0000 0001 2177 0221
J9U: 987007257333005171
LAC: 1000J2571
LCCN: n80020520
LNB: 000010430
NDL: 00573265
NKC: kn20020321266
NLA: 35177729
NLK: KAB202016353
NNL: 000005756
NSK: 000708080
SELIBR: 109403
SUDOC: 02735041X
VIAF: 145098799
取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=东南亚国家联盟&oldid=81680389”
分类:1967年建立的組織亚洲国际性组织亚洲国家政府间经济组织麥格塞塞獎獲得者超国家联盟东南亚国家亞細安隐藏分类:含有非数字formatnum参数的页面有参考文献错误的页面CS1英语来源 (en)含有英語的條目含有馬來語的條目含有印尼語的條目含有坦米爾語的條目含有高棉語的條目含有寮語的條目含有緬甸語的條目含有他加祿語的條目含有泰語的條目含有西班牙語的條目含有明確引用中文的條目在infobox country或infobox former country使用flag caption或类型字段的页面在infobox country或infobox former country使用symbol caption或类型字段的页面與維基數據不同的Twitter用戶名含有內容需登入查看的頁面包含BIBSYS标识符的维基百科条目包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目包含CINII标识符的维基百科条目包含GND标识符的维基百科条目包含ISNI标识符的维基百科条目包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目包含LAC标识符的维基百科条目包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目包含LNB标识符的维基百科条目包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目包含NLA标识符的维基百科条目包含NLK标识符的维基百科条目包含NNL标识符的维基百科条目包含NSK标识符的维基百科条目包含SELIBR标识符的维基百科条目包含SUDOC标识符的维基百科条目包含VIAF标识符的维基百科条目包含19元素的规范控制
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Southeast Asia - Wikipedia
Southeast Asia - Wikipedia
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1Definition
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1.1Political divisions
1.1.1Sovereign states
1.2Geographical divisions
2History
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2.1Prehistory
2.2Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms era
2.3Spread of Islam
2.4Trade and colonisation
2.4.1Chinese
2.4.2European
2.4.3Japanese
2.4.4Indian
2.4.5American
2.5Contemporary history
3Geography
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3.1Boundaries
3.2Climate
3.2.1Climate change
3.3Environment
4Economy
5Demographics
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5.1Ethnic groups
5.2Religion
5.3Languages
5.4Cities
6Culture
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6.1Influences
6.2Arts
6.2.1Music
6.2.2Writing
6.2.3Sports
7See also
8Notes
9References
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9.1Citations
10Further reading
11External links
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Southeast Asia
140 languages
AcèhAfrikaansAlemannischአማርኛالعربيةArpetanAsturianuAvañe'ẽAzərbaycancaتۆرکجهBasa BaliবাংলাBân-lâm-gúBasa BanyumasanБашҡортсаБеларускаяБеларуская (тарашкевіца)भोजपुरीBikol CentralБългарскиBoarischBosanskiBrezhonegCatalàCebuanoČeštinaCymraegDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFøroysktFrançaisFryskGalego贛語客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî한국어Հայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiIlokanoBahasa IndonesiaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתJawaಕನ್ನಡKapampanganКъарачай-малкъарქართულიҚазақшаKiswahiliKotavaKurdîКыргызчаລາວLatinaLatviešuLietuviųLi NihaLingálaLingua Franca NovaMagyarМакедонскиMalagasyമലയാളംमराठीმარგალურიBahasa MelayuMinangkabau閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄Монголမြန်မာဘာသာNederlandsनेपाली日本語NordfriiskNorsk bokmålNorsk nynorskOccitanOʻzbekcha / ўзбекчаਪੰਜਾਬੀپنجابیپښتوភាសាខ្មែរPolskiPortuguêsQaraqalpaqshaRomânăРусиньскыйРусскийСаха тылаसंस्कृतम्ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤسرائیکیSarduShqipSicilianuසිංහලSimple EnglishسنڌيSlovenčinaSlovenščinaکوردیСрпски / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / српскохрватскиSundaSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்Татарча / tatarçaၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ไทยТоҷикӣTürkçeTürkmençeУкраїнськаاردوئۇيغۇرچە / UyghurcheVènetoTiếng Việt文言West-VlamsWinarayWolof吴语ייִדישYorùbá粵語ZazakiŽemaitėška中文Batak TobaTolışi
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Subregion of the Asian continent
Southeast AsiaGeopolitical map of Southeast Asia, including Western New Guinea, which is geographically part of OceaniaArea4,545,792 km2 (1,755,140 sq mi)Population675,796,065 (3rd)[1][2]Population density135.6/km2 (351/sq mi)GDP (PPP)$9.727 trillion[3]GDP (nominal)$3.317 trillion (exchange rate)[4]GDP per capita$5,017 (exchange rate)[4]HDI 0.723Ethnic groups
Indigenous (Southeast Asians)Austronesian, Austroasiatic, Negrito, Sino-Tibetan, and Tai peoples
East Asians
South Asians
ReligionsAnimism, Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, Tai folk religion, Taoism, and Vietnamese folk religionDemonymSoutheast AsianCountries
11
Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia[note 1] Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam
Dependencies Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsLanguages
Official languages
Burmese
English
Tagalog
Khmer
Lao
Indonesian
Malay
Mandarin
Portuguese
Tamil
Telugu
Tetum
Thai
Vietnamese
Other languages
Afro-Asiatic:Arabic
Austroasiatic:
MonKhmerVietnameseAslian
Austronesian:
JavaneseSundaneseMadureseMinangkabauBugineseAcehneseBatakBanjarBalineseTagalogTetumCebuanoIlocanoHiligaynonWarayKapampanganPangasinanBikolMasbateñoChamIbanBidayuhDusunKadazanLun Bawang/LundayehMoken
Creoles:
BetawiAmboneseChavacanoTok PisinKristang
Dravidian:
TamilTeluguMalayalam
Great Andamanese:
Aka-Jeru (Present Great Andamanese)
Indo-European:
BengaliEnglishFrenchPersianPortugueseSpanishHindi/UrduDutchSinhalaRohingya
Ongan:
OngeJarawaSentinelese ?
Tai–Kadai:
ThaiLaoShan
Sino-Tibetan:
BurmeseRakhineKarenMandarinCantoneseMinHakka
Languages of Asia – All of the languages of Asia
Time zones
5 time zones
UTC+5:30: Andaman and Nicobar IslandsUTC+6:30: Cocos (Keeling) Islands • MyanmarUTC+7:00: Cambodia • Christmas Island • Indonesia • Laos • Thailand • VietnamUTC+8:00: Brunei • Indonesia • Malaysia • Philippines • SingaporeUTC+9:00: East Timor • Indonesia
Internet TLD.bn, .id, .kh, .la, .mm, .my, .ph, .sg, .th, .tl, .vnCalling codeZone 6 & 8Largest cities
Capital cities
Bandar Seri Begawan
Phnom Penh
Jakarta
Vientiane
Kuala Lumpur
Nay Pyi Daw
Manila
Singapore
Bangkok
Dili
Hanoi
Largest cities
Bandung
Bekasi
Bangkok
Can Tho
Da Lat
Da Nang
Cebu City
Davao City
Denpasar
Depok
George Town
Hanoi
Hai Phong
Ho Chi Minh City
Jakarta
Kuala Lumpur
Johor Bahru
Makassar
Manila
Medan
Palembang
Quezon City
Semarang
Singapore
Surabaya
Tangerang
Yangon
Yogyakarta
Banda Aceh
Padang
Ambon, Maluku
Jayapura
UN M49 code035 – South-eastern Asia142 – Asia001 – World
Southeast Asia[a] is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and north-west of mainland Australia which is part of Oceania.[5] Southeast Asia is bordered to the north by East Asia, to the west by South Asia and the Bay of Bengal, to the east by Oceania and the Pacific Ocean, and to the south by Australia and the Indian Ocean. Apart from the British Indian Ocean Territory and two out of 26 atolls of Maldives in South Asia, Maritime Southeast Asia is the only other subregion of Asia that lies partly within the Southern Hemisphere. Mainland Southeast Asia is entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. East Timor and the southern portion of Indonesia are the parts of Southeast Asia that lie south of the Equator.
The region lies near the intersection of geological plates, with both heavy seismic and volcanic activities.[6] The Sunda Plate is the main plate of the region, featuring almost all Southeast Asian countries except Myanmar, northern Thailand, northern Laos, northern Vietnam, and northern Luzon of the Philippines, while the Sunda Plate only includes western Indonesia to as far east as the Indonesian province of Bali. The mountain ranges in Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia and the Indonesian islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lesser Sunda Islands, and Timor are part of the Alpide belt, while the islands of the Philippines and Indonesia as well as East Timor are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Both seismic belts meet in Indonesia, causing the region to have relatively high occurrences of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, particularly in the Philippines and Indonesia.[7]
It covers about 4,500,000 km2 (1,700,000 sq mi), which is 8% of Eurasia and 3% of Earth's total land area. Its total population is more than 675 million, about 8.5% of the world's population. It is the third most populous geographical region in Asia after South Asia and East Asia.[8] The region is culturally and ethnically diverse, with hundreds of languages spoken by different ethnic groups.[9] Ten countries in the region are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), a regional organisation established for economic, political, military, educational, and cultural integration among its members.[10]
Southeast Asia is one of the most culturally diverse regions of the world. There are many different languages and ethnicities in the region. Historically, Southeast Asia was significantly influenced by Indian, Chinese, Muslim, and colonial cultures, which became core components of the region's cultural and political institutions. Most modern Southeast Asian countries were colonized by European powers. European colonisation exploited natural resources and labour from the lands they conquered, and attempted to spread European institutions to the region.[11] Several Southeast Asian countries were also briefly occupied by the Japanese Empire during World War II. The aftermath of World War II saw most of the region decolonised. Today, Southeast Asia is predominantly governed by independent states.[12]
Definition[edit]
States and regions of Southeast Asia
The region, together with part of South Asia, was well known by Europeans as the East Indies or simply the Indies until the 20th century. Chinese sources referred the region as Nanyang ("南洋"), which literally means the "Southern Ocean". The mainland section of Southeast Asia was referred to as Indochina by European geographers due to its location between China and the Indian subcontinent and its having cultural influences from both neighbouring regions. In the 20th century, however, the term became more restricted to territories of the former French Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam). The maritime section of Southeast Asia is also known as the Malay Archipelago, a term derived from the European concept of a Malay race.[13] Another term for Maritime Southeast Asia is Insulindia (Indian Islands), used to describe the region between Indochina and Australasia.[14]
The term "Southeast Asia" was first used in 1839 by American pastor Howard Malcolm in his book Travels in South-Eastern Asia. Malcolm only included the Mainland section and excluded the Maritime section in his definition of Southeast Asia.[15] The term was officially used in the midst of World War II by the Allies, through the formation of South East Asia Command (SEAC) in 1943.[16] SEAC popularised the use of the term "Southeast Asia", although what constituted Southeast Asia was not fixed; for example, SEAC excluded the Philippines and a large part of Indonesia while including Ceylon. However, by the late 1970s, a roughly standard usage of the term "Southeast Asia" and the territories it encompasses had emerged.[17] Although from a cultural or linguistic perspective the definitions of "Southeast Asia" may vary, the most common definitions nowadays include the area represented by the countries (sovereign states and dependent territories) listed below.
Ten of the eleven states of Southeast Asia are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), while East Timor is an observer state. Papua New Guinea has stated that it might join ASEAN, and is currently an observer. Sovereignty issues exist over some islands in the South China Sea.
Political divisions[edit]
Sovereign states[edit]
State
Area(km2)
Population(2020)[18]
Density(/km2)
GDP (nominal),billion USD (2022)[4]
GDP (PPP),billion Int$ (2022)[4]
GDP (nominal)per capita, USD (2022)[4]
GDP (PPP)per capita, Int$ (2022)[4]
HDI(2021)[19]
Capital
Brunei
5,765[20]
449,002
77
16.639
31.142
$37,667
$70,500
0.829
Bandar Seri Begawan
Cambodia
181,035[21]
16,718,965
92
28.544
89.570
$1,784
$5,600
0.593
Phnom Penh
East Timor
14,874[22]
1,320,942
89
3.659
7.502
$2,671
$5,478
0.607
Dili
Indonesia
1,904,569[23]
273,753,191
144
1,318.807
4,036.878
$4,798
$14,687
0.705
Jakarta
Laos
236,800[24]
7,425,057
31
15.304
68.843
$2,046
$9,207
0.607
Vientiane
Malaysia
329,847[25]
33,573,874
102
407.923
1,134.671
$12,364
$34,391
0.803
Kuala Lumpur *
Myanmar
676,578[26]
53,798,084
80
56.757
261.170
$1,053
$4,846
0.585
Nay Pyi Taw
Philippines
300,000[27]
115,559,009
380
404.261
1,171.162
$3,623
$10,497
0.699
Manila
Singapore
719.2[28]
5,921,231
8,261
466.789
719.080
$82,807
$127,563
0.939
Singapore
Thailand
513,120[29]
71,601,103
140
536.160
1,482.347
$7,650
$21,152
0.800
Bangkok
Vietnam
331,210[30]
97,468,029
294
406.452
1,321.249
$4,086
$13,283
0.703
Hanoi
* Administrative centre in Putrajaya.
The UN Statistics Division for Asia are based on convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories:[31] Central Asia Eastern Asia Northern Asia South-eastern Asia Southern Asia Western Asia
A political map of Southeast Asia
Geographical divisions[edit]
Southeast Asia is geographically divided into two subregions, namely Mainland Southeast Asia (or the Indochinese Peninsula) and Maritime Southeast Asia.
Mainland Southeast Asia includes:
Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam:
Cambodia
Laos
Vietnam
Myanmar, Thailand and West Malaysia:
Myanmar
Thailand
West Malaysia
Maritime Southeast Asia includes:
Brunei
East Malaysia
East Timor
Indonesia
Philippines
Singapore[32]
While Peninsular Malaysia is geographically situated in Mainland Southeast Asia, it shares many similar cultural and ecological affinities with surrounding islands, thus it is often grouped with them as part of Maritime Southeast Asia.[33] Geographically, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India is also considered a part of Maritime Southeast Asia. Eastern Bangladesh and Northeast India have strong cultural ties with Mainland Southeast Asia and are sometimes considered transregional areas between South Asia and Southeast Asia.[34] To the east, Hong Kong is sometimes regarded as part of Southeast Asia.[35][36][37][38][39][40][41] Similarly, Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands have strong cultural ties with Maritime Southeast Asia and are sometimes considered transregional areas between Southeast Asia and Australia/Oceania. On some occasions, Sri Lanka has been considered a part of Southeast Asia because of its cultural and religious ties to Mainland Southeast Asia.[17][42] The eastern half of the island of New Guinea, which is not a part of Indonesia, namely, Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included as a part of Maritime Southeast Asia, and so are Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Palau, which were all parts of the Spanish East Indies with strong cultural and linguistic ties to the region, specifically, the Philippines.[43]
East Timor and the eastern half of Indonesia (east of the Wallace Line in the region of Wallacea) are considered to be geographically associated with Oceania due to their distinctive faunal features. Geologically, the island of New Guinea and its surrounding islands are considered as parts of the Australian continent, connected via the Sahul Shelf. Both Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands are located on the Australian Plate, south of the Sunda Trench. Even though they are geographically closer to Maritime Southeast Asia than mainland Australia, these two Australian external territories are not geologically associated with Asia as none of them is actually on the Sunda Plate. The UN Statistics Division's geoscheme, which is a UN political geography tool created specifically for statistical purposes,[44] has classified both island territories as parts of Oceania, under the UNSD subregion "Australia and New Zealand" (Australasia).
Some definitions of Southeast Asia may include Taiwan. Taiwan has sometimes been included in Southeast Asia as well as East Asia but is not a member of ASEAN.[45] Likewise, a similar argument could be applied to some southern parts of mainland China, as well as Hong Kong and Macau, may also considered as part of Southeast Asia as well as East Asia but are not members of ASEAN.[35]
Andaman SeaArafura SeaBali SeaBanda SeaCeram SeaFlores SeaJava SeaMolucca SeaSavu SeaSouth China SeaTimor SeaBohol SeaCamotes SeaPhilippine Sea (Pacific Ocean)Samar SeaSibuyan SeaSulu SeaVisayan SeaCelebes SeaBismarck SeaCoral SeaSolomon SeaGulf of ThailandGulf of TonkinBay of BengalIndian OceanStrait of MalaccaMakassar StraitGulf of CarpentariaKarimata StraitLuzon StraitGulf of TominiSunda StraitMoro GulfMadura Straitclass=notpageimage| Oceans and Seas in Southeast Asia
History[edit]
Main article: History of Southeast Asia
Prehistory[edit]
Megalithic statue found in Tegurwangi, Sumatra, Indonesia 1500 CE
The region was already inhabited by Homo erectus from approximately 1,500,000 years ago during the Middle Pleistocene age.[46] Distinct Homo sapiens groups, ancestral to Eastern non-African (related to East Asians as well as Papuans) populations, reached the region by between 50,000BC to 70,000BC, with some arguing earlier.[47][48] Rock art (parietal art) dating from 40,000 years ago (which is currently the world's oldest) has been discovered in the caves of Borneo.[49] Homo floresiensis also lived in the area up until at least 50,000 years ago, after which they became extinct.[50] During much of this time the present-day islands of western Indonesia were joined into a single landmass known as Sundaland due to lower sea levels.
Ancient remains of hunter-gatherers in Maritime Southeast Asia, such as one Holocene hunter-gatherer from South Sulawesi, had ancestry from both the Papuan-related and East Asian-related branches of the Eastern non-African lineage. The hunter-gatherer individual had approximately ~50% "Basal-East Asian" ancestry, and was positioned in between modern East Asians and Papuans of Oceania. The authors concluded that East Asian-related ancestry expanded from Mainland Southeast Asia into Maritime Southeast Asia much earlier than previously suggested, as early as 25,000BC, long before the expansion of Austroasiatic and Austronesian groups.[51]
Distinctive Basal-East Asian (East-Eurasian) ancestry was recently found to have originated in Mainland Southeast Asia at ~50,000BC, and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards respectively. Geneflow of East Asian-related ancestry into Maritime Southeast Asia and Oceania could be estimated to ~25,000BC (possibly also earlier). The pre-Neolithic Papuan-related populations of Maritime Southeast Asia were largely replaced by the expansion of various East Asian-related populations, beginning about 50,000BC to 25,000BC years ago from Mainland Southeast Asia. The remainders, known as Negritos, form small minority groups in geographically isolated regions. Southeast Asia was dominated by East Asian-related ancestry already in 15,000BC, predating the expansion of Austroasiatic and Austronesian peoples.[48]
The Austroasiatic and Austronesian expansions into Maritime Southeast Asia.
In the late Neolithic, the Austronesian peoples, who form the majority of the modern population in Brunei, Indonesia, East Timor, Malaysia, and the Philippines, migrated to Southeast Asia from Taiwan in the first seaborne human migration known as the Austronesian Expansion. They arrived in the northern Philippines between 7,000 BC to 2,200 BC and rapidly spread further into the Northern Mariana Islands and Borneo by 1500 BC; Island Melanesia by 1300 BC; and to the rest of Indonesia, Malaysia, southern Vietnam, and Palau by 1000 BC.[52][53] They often settled along coastal areas, replacing and assimilating the diverse preexisting peoples.[54][55][48]
The Austronesian peoples of Southeast Asia have been seafarers for thousands of years. They spread eastwards to Micronesia and Polynesia, as well as westwards to Madagascar, becoming the ancestors of modern-day Malagasy people, Micronesians, Melanesians, and Polynesians.[56] Passage through the Indian Ocean aided the colonisation of Madagascar, as well as commerce between Western Asia, eastern coast of India and Chinese southern coast.[56] Gold from Sumatra is thought to have reached as far west as Rome. Pliny the Elder wrote in his Natural History about Chryse and Argyre, two legendary islands rich in gold and silver, located in the Indian Ocean. Their vessels, such as the vinta, were capable to sail across the ocean. Magellan's voyage records how much more manoeuvrable their vessels were, as compared to the European ships.[57] A slave from the Sulu Sea was believed to have been used in Magellan's voyage as a translator.
Studies presented by the Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) through genetic studies of the various peoples of Asia show empirically that there was a single migration event from Africa, whereby the early people travelled along the south coast of Asia, first entered the Malay peninsula 50,000–90,000 years ago. The Orang Asli, in particular the Semang who show Negrito characteristics, are the direct descendants of these earliest settlers of Southeast Asia. These early people diversified and travelled slowly northwards to China, and the populations of Southeast Asia show greater genetic diversity than the younger population of China.[58][59]
Solheim and others have shown evidence for a Nusantao maritime trading network ranging from Vietnam to the rest of the archipelago as early as 5000 BC to 1 AD.[60] The Bronze Age Dong Son culture flourished in Northern Vietnam from about 1000 BC to 1 BC. Its influence spread to other parts Southeast Asia.[61][62][63] The region entered the Iron Age era in 500 BC, when iron was forged also in northern Vietnam still under Dong Son, due to its frequent interactions with neighbouring China.[46]
Bronze drum from Sông Đà, northern Vietnam. Mid-1st millennium BC
Most Southeast Asian people were originally animist, engaged in ancestors, nature, and spirits worship. These belief systems were later supplanted by Hinduism and Buddhism after the region, especially coastal areas, came under contact with Indian subcontinent during the first century.[64] Indian Brahmins and traders brought Hinduism to the region and made contacts with local courts.[65] Local rulers converted to Hinduism or Buddhism and adopted Indian religious traditions to reinforce their legitimacy, elevate ritual status above their fellow chief counterparts and facilitate trade with South Asian states. They periodically invited Indian Brahmins into their realms and began a gradual process of Indianisation in the region.[66][67][68] Shaivism was the dominant religious tradition of many southern Indian Hindu kingdoms during the first century. It then spread into Southeast Asia via Bay of Bengal, Indochina, then Malay Archipelago, leading to thousands of Shiva temples on the islands of Indonesia as well as Cambodia and Vietnam, co-evolving with Buddhism in the region.[69][70] Theravada Buddhism entered the region during the third century, via maritime trade routes between the region and Sri Lanka.[71] Buddhism later established a strong presence in Funan region in the fifth century. In present-day mainland Southeast Asia, Theravada is still the dominant branch of Buddhism, practised by the Thai, Burmese, and Cambodian Buddhists. This branch was fused with the Hindu-influenced Khmer culture. Mahayana Buddhism established presence in Maritime Southeast Asia, brought by Chinese monks during their transit in the region en route to Nalanda.[66] It is still the dominant branch of Buddhism practised by Indonesian and Malaysian Buddhists.
The spread of these two Indian religions confined the adherents of Southeast Asian indigenous beliefs into remote inland areas. The Maluku Islands and New Guinea were never Indianised and its native people were predominantly animists until the 15th century when Islam began to spread in those areas.[72] While in Vietnam, Buddhism never managed to develop strong institutional networks due to strong Chinese influence.[73] In present-day Southeast Asia, Vietnam is the only country where its folk religion makes up the plurality.[74][75] Recently, Vietnamese folk religion is undergoing a revival with the support of the government.[76] Elsewhere, there are ethnic groups in Southeast Asia that resisted conversion and still retain their original animist beliefs, such as the Dayaks in Kalimantan, the Igorots in Luzon, and the Shans in eastern Myanmar.[77]
Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms era[edit]
Main articles: Greater India and History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia
Hinduism expansion in Asia, from its heartland in Indian Subcontinent, to the rest of Asia, especially Southeast Asia, started circa 1st century marked with the establishment of early Hindu settlements and polities in Southeast Asia.
After the region came under contact with the Indian subcontinent c. 400 BCE, it began a gradual process of Indianisation where Indian ideas such as religions, cultures, architectures, and political administrations were brought by traders and religious figures and adopted by local rulers. In turn, Indian Brahmins and monks were invited by local rulers to live in their realms and help transforming local polities to become more Indianised, blending Indian and indigenous traditions.[78][67][68] Sanskrit and Pali became the elite language of the region, which effectively made Southeast Asia part of the Indosphere.[79] Most of the region had been Indianised during the first centuries, while the Philippines later Indianised c. ninth century when Kingdom of Tondo was established in Luzon.[80] Vietnam, especially its northern part, was never fully Indianised due to the many periods of Chinese domination it experienced.[81]
The first Indian-influenced polities established in the region were the Pyu city-states that already existed circa second century BCE, located in inland Myanmar. It served as an overland trading hub between India and China.[82] Theravada Buddhism was the predominant religion of these city states, while the presence of other Indian religions such as Mahayana Buddhism and Hinduism were also widespread.[83][84] In the first century, the Funan states centered in Mekong Delta were established, encompassed modern-day Cambodia, southern Vietnam, Laos, and eastern Thailand. It became the dominant trading power in mainland Southeast Asia for about five centuries, provided passage for Indian and Chinese goods and assumed authority over the flow of commerce through Southeast Asia.[56] In maritime Southeast Asia, the first recorded Indianised kingdom was Salakanagara, established in western Java circa second century CE. This Hindu kingdom was known by the Greeks as Argyre (Land of Silver).[85]
Borobudur temple in Central Java, Indonesia
By the fifth century CE, trade networking between East and West was concentrated in the maritime route. Foreign traders were starting to use new routes such as Malacca and Sunda Strait due to the development of maritime Southeast Asia. This change resulted in the decline of Funan, while new maritime powers such as Srivijaya, Tarumanagara, and Mataram emerged. Srivijaya especially became the dominant maritime power for more than 5 centuries, controlling both Strait of Malacca and Sunda Strait.[56] This dominance started to decline when Srivijaya were invaded by Chola Empire, a dominant maritime power of Indian subcontinent, in 1025.[86] The invasion reshaped power and trade in the region, resulted in the rise of new regional powers such as the Khmer Empire and Kahuripan.[87] Continued commercial contacts with the Chinese Empire enabled the Cholas to influence the local cultures. Many of the surviving examples of the Hindu cultural influence found today throughout Southeast Asia are the result of the Chola expeditions.[note 2]
Angkor Wat in Siem Reap, Cambodia
As Srivijaya influence in the region declined, The Hindu Khmer Empire experienced a golden age during the 11th to 13th century CE. The empire's capital Angkor hosts majestic monuments—such as Angkor Wat and Bayon. Satellite imaging has revealed that Angkor, during its peak, was the largest pre-industrial urban centre in the world.[89] The Champa civilisation was located in what is today central Vietnam, and was a highly Indianised Hindu Kingdom. The Vietnamese launched a massive conquest against the Cham people during the 1471 Vietnamese invasion of Champa, ransacking and burning Champa, slaughtering thousands of Cham people, and forcibly assimilating them into Vietnamese culture.[90]
During the 13th century CE, the region experienced Mongol invasions, affected areas such as Vietnamese coast, inland Burma and Java. In 1258, 1285 and 1287, the Mongols tried to invade Đại Việt and Champa.[91] The invasions were unsuccessful, yet both Dai Viet and Champa agreed to become tributary states to Yuan dynasty to avoid further conflicts.[92] The Mongols also invaded Pagan Kingdom in Burma from 1277 to 1287, resulted in fragmentation of the Kingdom and rise of smaller Shan States ruled by local chieftains nominally submitted to Yuan dynasty.[93][94] However, in 1297, a new local power emerged. Myinsaing Kingdom became the real ruler of Central Burma and challenged the Mongol rule. This resulted in the second Mongol invasion of Burma in 1300, which was repulsed by Myinsaing.[95][96] The Mongols would later in 1303 withdrawn from Burma.[97] In 1292, The Mongols sent envoys to Singhasari Kingdom in Java to ask for submission to Mongol rule. Singhasari rejected the proposal and injured the envoys, enraged the Mongols and made them sent a large invasion fleet to Java. Unbeknownst to them, Singhasari collapsed in 1293 due to a revolt by Kadiri, one of its vassals. When the Mongols arrived in Java, a local prince named Raden Wijaya offered his service to assist the Mongols in punishing Kadiri. After Kadiri was defeated, Wijaya turned on his Mongol allies, ambushed their invasion fleet and forced them to immediately leave Java.[98][99]
After the departure of the Mongols, Wijaya established the Majapahit Empire in eastern Java in 1293. Majapahit would soon grow into a regional power. Its greatest ruler was Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak when other kingdoms in the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali came under its influence. Various sources such as the Nagarakertagama also mention that its influence spanned over parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea and southern Philippines, making it one of the largest empire to ever exist in Southeast Asian history.[100]: 107 By the 15th century CE however, Majapahit's influence began to wane due to many war of successions it experienced and the rise of new Islamic states such as Samudera Pasai and Malacca Sultanate around the strategic Strait of Malacca. Majapahit then collapsed around 1500. It was the last major Hindu kingdom and the last regional power in the region before the arrival of the Europeans.[101][102]
Spread of Islam[edit]
Main articles: Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia and Islam in Southeast Asia
Wapauwe Old Mosque is the oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia, and the second oldest in Southeast Asia, built in 1414
Islam began to make contacts with Southeast Asia in the eighth-century CE, when the Umayyads established trade with the region via sea routes.[103][104][105] However its spread into the region happened centuries later. In the 11th century, a turbulent period occurred in the history of Maritime Southeast Asia. The Indian Chola navy crossed the ocean and attacked the Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman in Kadaram (Kedah); the capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive. Along with Kadaram, Pannai in present-day Sumatra and Malaiyur and the Malayan peninsula were attacked too. Soon after that, the king of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional Hindu faith, and converted to Islam with the Sultanate of Kedah established in 1136. Samudera Pasai converted to Islam in 1267, the King of Malacca Parameswara married the princess of Pasai, and the son became the first sultan of Malacca. Soon, Malacca became the center of Islamic study and maritime trade, and other rulers followed suit. Indonesian religious leader and Islamic scholar Hamka (1908–1981) wrote in 1961: "The development of Islam in Indonesia and Malaya is intimately related to a Chinese Muslim, Admiral Zheng He."[106]
There are several theories to the Islamization process in Southeast Asia. Another theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders from Southern Yemen (Hadramout) brought Islam to the region with their large volume of trade. Many settled in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. This is evident in the Arab-Indonesian, Arab-Singaporean, and Arab-Malay populations who were at one time very prominent in each of their countries. Finally, the ruling classes embraced Islam and that further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region's most important port, Malacca Sultanate, embraced Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as Islam provided a positive force among the ruling and trading classes. Gujarati Muslims played a pivotal role in establishing Islam in Southeast Asia.[107]
Trade and colonisation[edit]
Strait of Malacca
Trade among Southeast Asian countries has a long tradition. The consequences of colonial rule, struggle for independence, and in some cases war influenced the economic attitudes and policies of each country.[108]
Chinese[edit]
See also: List of tributaries of Imperial China, Bamboo network, and Chinese Empire
From 111 BC to 938 AD northern Vietnam was under Chinese rule. Vietnam was successfully governed by a series of Chinese dynasties including the Han, Eastern Han, Eastern Wu, Cao Wei, Jin, Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang, Sui, Tang, and Southern Han.
Records from Magellan's voyage show that Brunei possessed more cannon than European ships, so the Chinese must have been trading with them.[57]
Malaysian legend has it that a Chinese Ming emperor sent a princess, Hang Li Po, to Malacca, with a retinue of 500, to marry Sultan Mansur Shah after the emperor was impressed by the wisdom of the sultan. Hang Li Poh's Well (constructed 1459) is now a tourist attraction there, as is Bukit Cina, where her retinue settled.
The strategic value of the Strait of Malacca, which was controlled by Sultanate of Malacca in the 15th and early 16th century, did not go unnoticed by Portuguese writer Duarte Barbosa, who in 1500 wrote: "He who is lord of Malacca has his hand on the throat of Venice."[This quote needs a citation] (Venice was a major European trading partner, and goods were transported there via the Straight.)
European[edit]
See also: European colonisation of Southeast Asia
Fort Cornwallis in George Town marks the spot where the British East India Company first landed in Penang in 1786, thus heralding the British colonisation of Malaya
Western influence started to enter in the 16th century, with the arrival of the Portuguese in Malacca, Maluku and the Philippines, the latter being settled by the Spanish years later, which they used to trade between Asia and Latin America. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries the Dutch established the Dutch East Indies; the French Indochina; and the British Strait Settlements. By the 19th century, all Southeast Asian countries were colonised except for Thailand.
Duit, a coin minted by the VOC, 1646–1667. 2 kas, 2 duit
European explorers were reaching Southeast Asia from the west and from the east. Regular trade between the ships sailing east from the Indian Ocean and south from mainland Asia provided goods in return for natural products, such as honey and hornbill beaks from the islands of the archipelago. Before the eighteenth and nineteenth century, the Europeans mostly were interested in expanding trade links. For the majority of the populations in each country, there was comparatively little interaction with Europeans and traditional social routines and relationships continued. For most, a life with subsistence-level agriculture, fishing and, in less developed civilisations, hunting and gathering was still hard.[109]
Europeans brought Christianity allowing Christian missionaries to become widespread. Thailand also allowed Western scientists to enter its country to develop its own education system as well as start sending Royal members and Thai scholars to get higher education from Europe and Russia.
Japanese[edit]
See also: Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, Empire of Japan, and Japanese war crimes
During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded most of the former western colonies under the concept of "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere". However, the Shōwa occupation regime committed violent actions against civilians such as live human experimentation,[110][111][112][113][114][115][116] sexual slavery under the brutal "comfort women" system,[117]
[118]
[119][120][121] the Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour, such as the one involving four to ten million romusha in Indonesia.[122] A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine and forced labour during the Japanese occupation.[123] The Allied powers who then defeated Japan (and other allies of Axis) in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II then contended with nationalists to whom the occupation authorities had granted independence.
Indian[edit]
Gujarat, India had a flourishing trade relationship with Southeast Asia in the 15th and 16th centuries.[107] The trade relationship with Gujarat declined after the Portuguese invasion of Southeast Asia in the 17th century.[107]
American[edit]
See also: American Philippines
The United States took the Philippines from Spain in 1898. Internal autonomy was granted in 1934, and independence in 1946.[124]
Contemporary history[edit]
Most countries in the region maintain national autonomy. Democratic forms of government are practised in most Southeast Asian countries and human rights is recognised but dependent on each nation state. Socialist or communist countries in Southeast Asia include Vietnam, Laos. ASEAN provides a framework for the integration of commerce and regional responses to international concerns.
China has asserted broad claims over the South China Sea, based on its nine-dash line, and has built artificial islands in an attempt to bolster its claims. China also has asserted an exclusive economic zone based on the Spratly Islands. The Philippines challenged China in the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague in 2013, and in Philippines v. China (2016), the Court ruled in favour of the Philippines and rejected China's claims.[125][126]
Geography[edit]
See also: Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia), List of Southeast Asian mountains, and Southeast Asian Massif
Relief map of Southeast Asia
Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and is also the largest archipelago in the world by size (according to the CIA World Factbook). Geologically, the Indonesian Archipelago is one of the most volcanically active regions in the world. Geological uplifts in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating in Puncak Jaya in Papua, Indonesia at 5,030 metres (16,503 feet), on the island of New Guinea; it is the only place where ice glaciers can be found in Southeast Asia. The highest mountain in Southeast Asia is Hkakabo Razi at 5,967 metres (19,577 feet) and can be found in northern Burma sharing the same range of its parent peak, Mount Everest.
The South China Sea is the major body of water within Southeast Asia. The Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, and Singapore, have integral rivers that flow into the South China Sea.
Mayon Volcano, despite being dangerously active, holds the record of the world's most perfect cone which is built from past and continuous eruption.[127]
Boundaries[edit]
Further information: Boundaries between the continents of Earth
Geographically, Southeast Asia is bounded to the southeast by the Australian continent, the boundary between these two regions is most often considered to run through Wallacea.
Geopolitically, the boundary lies between Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian region of Western New Guinea (Papua and West Papua). Both countries share the island of New Guinea.
Islands to the east of the Philippines make up the region of Micronesia. These islands are not biogeographically, geologically or historically linked to mainland Asia, and are considered part of Oceania by the United Nations, The World Factbook and other organisations.[128] The Oceania region is politically represented through the Pacific Islands Forum, a governing body which, up until 2022, included Australia, New Zealand and all independent territories in Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. Several countries of Maritime Southeast Asia, such as Indonesia and the Philippines, are dialogue partners of the Pacific Islands Forum, but none have full membership.[129]
Maritime Southeast Asia was often grouped with Australia and Oceania in the mid to late 1800s, rather than with mainland Asia.[130] The term Oceania came into usage at the beginning of the 1800s, and the earlier definitions predated the advent of concepts such as Wallacea.
The non-continental Australian external territories of Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands are sometimes considered part of Maritime Southeast Asia, as they lie in much closer proximity to western Indonesia than they do to mainland Australia.[131][132][133] They have a multicultural mix of inhabitants with Asian and European Australian ancestry, and were uninhabited when discovered by the British during the 17th century.[134][135] The islands lie within the bounds of the Australian Plate, and are defined by the World Factbook as the westernmost extent of Oceania.[136][137] The United Nations also include these islands in their definition of Oceania, under the same subregion as Australia and New Zealand.[128]
Climate[edit]
Southeast Asia map of Köppen climate classification
Most of Southeast Asia have a tropical climate that is hot and humid all year round with plentiful rainfall. The majority of Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shifts in winds or monsoons. The tropical rain belt causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season. The rainforest is the second largest on Earth (with the Amazon rainforest being the largest). Exceptions to the typical tropical climate and forest vegetation are:
Northern Vietnam (including Hanoi) with a subtropical climate that is sometimes influenced by cold waves which move from the northeast and the Siberian High
the northern part of Central Vietnam also is occasionally influenced by cold waves
mountain areas in the northern region and the higher islands, where high altitudes lead to milder temperatures
the “dry zone” of central Myanmar in the rain shadow of the Arakan Mountains, where annual rainfall can be as low as 600 millimetres or 24 inches, which under the hot temperatures that prevail is dry enough to qualify as semi-arid
Climate change[edit]
See also: Climate change in Indonesia, Climate change in Malaysia, Climate change in Cambodia, Climate change in Thailand, Climate change in Vietnam, Climate change in Myanmar, and Climate change in the Philippines
Southeast Asia is one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change in the world.[138][139] Climate change will have a big effect on agriculture in Southeast Asia such as irrigation systems will be affected by changes in rainfall and runoff, and subsequently, water quality and supply.[140] Climate change is impacting agriculture, threatening food security, and is compounded by the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[141] Climate change is also likely to pose a serious threat to the fisheries industry in Southeast Asia.[138] Despite being one of the most vulnerable regions to the effects of climate change in the world, Southeast Asian countries are lagging behind in terms of their climate mitigation measures.[139]
Map showing the divergent plate boundaries (oceanic spreading ridges) and recent sub-aerial volcanoes (mostly at convergent boundaries), with a high density of volcanoes situated in Indonesia and the Philippines.
Environment[edit]
See also: Southeast Asian coral reefs and Wallace Line
Komodo dragon in Komodo National Park, Indonesia
The vast majority of Southeast Asia falls within the warm, humid tropics, and its climate generally can be characterised as monsoonal.
The animals of Southeast Asia are diverse; on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra, the orangutan, the Asian elephant, the Malayan tapir, the Sumatran rhinoceros and the Bornean clouded leopard can also be found. Six subspecies of the binturong or bearcat exist in the region, though the one endemic to the island of Palawan is now classed as vulnerable.
The Mayon Volcano, Philippines
Tigers of three different subspecies are found on the island of Sumatra (the Sumatran tiger), in peninsular Malaysia (the Malayan tiger), and in Indochina (the Indochinese tiger); all of which are endangered species.
The Komodo dragon is the largest living species of lizard and inhabits the islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, and Gili Motang in Indonesia.
The Philippine eagle
The Philippine eagle is the national bird of the Philippines. It is considered by scientists as the largest eagle in the world,[142] and is endemic to the Philippines' forests.
The wild Asian water buffalo, and on various islands related dwarf species of Bubalus such as anoa were once widespread in Southeast Asia; nowadays the domestic Asian water buffalo is common across the region, but its remaining relatives are rare and endangered.
The mouse deer, a small tusked deer as large as a toy dog or cat, mostly can be found on Sumatra, Borneo (Indonesia), and in Palawan Islands (Philippines). The gaur, a gigantic wild ox larger than even wild water buffalo, is found mainly in Indochina. There is very little scientific information available regarding Southeast Asian amphibians.[143]
Birds such as the green peafowl and drongo live in this subregion as far east as Indonesia. The babirusa, a four-tusked pig, can be found in Indonesia as well. The hornbill was prized for its beak and used in trade with China. The horn of the rhinoceros, not part of its skull, was prized in China as well.
The Indonesian Archipelago is split by the Wallace Line. This line runs along what is now known to be a tectonic plate boundary, and separates Asian (Western) species from Australasian (Eastern) species. The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua form a mixed zone, where both types occur, known as Wallacea. As the pace of development accelerates and populations continue to expand in Southeast Asia, concern has increased regarding the impact of human activity on the region's environment. A significant portion of Southeast Asia, however, has not changed greatly and remains an unaltered home to wildlife. The nations of the region, with only a few exceptions, have become aware of the need to maintain forest cover not only to prevent soil erosion but to preserve the diversity of flora and fauna. Indonesia, for example, has created an extensive system of national parks and preserves for this purpose. Even so, such species as the Javan rhinoceros face extinction, with only a handful of the animals remaining in western Java.
Wallace's hypothetical line divides Indonesian Archipelago into 2 types of fauna, Australasian and Southeast Asian fauna. The deepwater of the Lombok Strait between the islands of Bali and Lombok formed a water barrier even when lower sea levels linked the now-separated islands and landmasses on either side
The shallow waters of the Southeast Asian coral reefs have the highest levels of biodiversity for the world's marine ecosystems, where coral, fish, and molluscs abound. According to Conservation International, marine surveys suggest that the marine life diversity in the Raja Ampat (Indonesia) is the highest recorded on Earth. Diversity is considerably greater than any other area sampled in the Coral Triangle composed of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. The Coral Triangle is the heart of the world's coral reef biodiversity, the Verde Passage is dubbed by Conservation International as the world's "center of the center of marine shore fish biodiversity". The whale shark, the world's largest species of fish and 6 species of sea turtles can also be found in the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean territories of the Philippines.
The trees and other plants of the region are tropical; in some countries where the mountains are tall enough, temperate-climate vegetation can be found. These rainforest areas are currently being logged-over, especially in Borneo.
While Southeast Asia is rich in flora and fauna, Southeast Asia is facing severe deforestation which causes habitat loss for various endangered species such as orangutan and the Sumatran tiger. Predictions have been made that more than 40% of the animal and plant species in Southeast Asia could be wiped out in the 21st century.[144] At the same time, haze has been a regular occurrence. The two worst regional hazes were in 1997 and 2006 in which multiple countries were covered with thick haze, mostly caused by "slash and burn" activities in Sumatra and Borneo. In reaction, several countries in Southeast Asia signed the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution to combat haze pollution.
The 2013 Southeast Asian Haze saw API levels reach a hazardous level in some countries. Muar experienced the highest API level of 746 on 23 June 2013 at around 7 am.[145]
Economy[edit]
The Port of Singapore is the busiest transshipment and container port in the world, and is an important transportation and shipping hub in Southeast Asia
Even prior to the penetration of European interests, Southeast Asia was a critical part of the world trading system. A wide range of commodities originated in the region, but especially important were spices such as pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg. The spice trade initially was developed by Indian and Arab merchants, but it also brought Europeans to the region. First, Spaniards (Manila galleon) who sailed from the Americas and Kingdom of Portugal, then the Dutch, and finally the British and French became involved in this enterprise in various countries. The penetration of European commercial interests gradually evolved into annexation of territories, as traders lobbied for an extension of control to protect and expand their activities. As a result, the Dutch moved into Indonesia, the British into Malaya and parts of Borneo, the French into Indochina, and the Spanish and the US into the Philippines. An economic effect of this imperialism was the shift in the production of commodities. For example, the rubber plantations of Malaysia, Java, Vietnam, and Cambodia, the tin mining of Malaya, the rice fields of the Mekong Delta in Vietnam, and the Irrawaddy River delta in Burma, were a response to the powerful market demands.[146]
The overseas Chinese community has played a large role in the development of the economies in the region. The origins of Chinese influence can be traced to the 16th century, when Chinese migrants from southern China settled in Indonesia, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries.[147] Chinese populations in the region saw a rapid increase following the Communist Revolution in 1949, which forced many refugees to emigrate outside of China.[148]
In 2022, Malaysian petroleum industry through its oil and gas company, Petronas, was ranked eighth in the world by the Brandirectory.[149]
Seventeen telecommunications companies contracted to build the Asia-America Gateway submarine cable to connect Southeast Asia to the US[150] This is to avoid disruption of the kind caused by the cutting of the undersea cable from Taiwan to the US in the 2006 Hengchun earthquakes.
Proton Persona is one of the indigenously developed car model by Malaysian automobile manufacturer Proton
Tourism has been a key factor in economic development for many Southeast Asian countries, especially Cambodia. According to UNESCO, "tourism, if correctly conceived, can be a tremendous development tool and an effective means of preserving the cultural diversity of our planet."[151] Since the early 1990s, "even the non-ASEAN nations such as Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Burma, where the income derived from tourism is low, are attempting to expand their own tourism industries."[152] In 1995, Singapore was the regional leader in tourism receipts relative to GDP at over 8%. By 1998, those receipts had dropped to less than 6% of GDP while Thailand and Lao PDR increased receipts to over 7%. Since 2000, Cambodia has surpassed all other ASEAN countries and generated almost 15% of its GDP from tourism in 2006.[153] Furthermore, Vietnam is considered as a growing power in Southeast Asia due to its large foreign investment opportunities and the booming tourism sector.
By the early 21st century, Indonesia had grown to an emerging market economy, becoming the largest economy in the region. It was classified a newly industrialised country and is the region's singular member of the G-20 major economies.[154] Indonesia's estimated gross domestic product (GDP) for 2020 was US$1,088.8 billion (nominal) or $3,328.3 billion (PPP) with per capita GDP of US$4,038 (nominal) or $12,345 (PPP).[155] By GDP per capita in 2023, Singapore is the leading nation in the region with US$84,500 (nominal) or US$140,280 (PPP), followed by Brunei with US$41,713 (nominal) or US$79,408 (PPP) and Malaysia with US$13,942 (nominal) or US$33,353 (PPP).[156] Besides that, Malaysia has the lowest cost of living in the region, followed by Brunei and Vietnam.[157] On the contrary, Singapore is the costliest country in the region, followed by Thailand and the Philippines.[157]
Stock markets in Southeast Asia have performed better than other bourses in the Asia-Pacific region in 2010, with the Philippines' PSE leading the way with 22 per cent growth, followed by Thailand's SET with 21 per cent and Indonesia's JKSE with 19 per cent.[158][159]
Southeast Asia's GDP per capita is US$4,685 according to a 2020 International Monetary Fund estimates, which is comparable to South Africa, Iraq, and Georgia.[160]
Country
Currency
Population(2020)[18][161]
Nominal GDP(2020) $ billion[162]
GDP per capita(2020)[160]
GDP growth(2020)[163]
Inflation(2020)[164]
Main industries
Brunei
B$ Brunei dollar
437,479
$10.647
$23,117
0.1%
0.3%
Petroleum, Petrochemicals, Fishing
Cambodia
៛ Riel US$ US Dollar
16,718,965
$26.316
$1,572
-2.8%
2.5%
Clothing, Gold, Agriculture
East Timor
US$ US dollar
1,318,445
$1.920
$1,456
-6.8%
0.9%
Petroleum, Coffee, Electronics
Indonesia
Rp Rupiah
270,203,917[161]
$1,088.768
$4,038
-1.5%
2.1%
Coal, Petroleum, Palm oil
Laos
₭ Kip
7,275,560
$18.653
$2,567
0.2%
6.5%
Copper, Electronics, Tin
Malaysia
RM Ringgit
32,365,999
$336.330
$10,192
-6%
-1.1%
Electronics, Petroleum, Petrochemicals, Palm oil, Automotive
Myanmar
K Kyat
54,409,800
$70.890
$1,333
2%
6.1%
Natural gas, Agriculture, Clothing
Philippines
₱ Peso
109,581,078
$367.362
$3,373
-8.3%
2.4%
Electronics, Timber, Automotive
Singapore
S$ Singapore dollar
5,850,342
$337.451
$58,484
-6%
-0.4%
Electronics, Petroleum, Chemicals
Thailand
฿ Baht
69,799,978
$509.200
$7,295
-7.1%
-0.4%
Electronics, Automotive, Rubber
Vietnam
₫ Đồng
97,338,579
$340.602
$3,498
2.9%
3.8%
Electronics, Clothing, Petroleum
Demographics[edit]
Population pyramid of South East Asia in 2023
Population distribution of the countries of Southeast Asia (with Indonesia split into its major islands).
Southeast Asia has an area of approximately 4,500,000 square kilometres (1,700,000 sq mi). As of 2021, around 676 million people live in the region, more than a fifth live (143 million) on the Indonesian island of Java, the most densely populated large island in the world. Indonesia is the most populous country with 274 million people (~40% of South East Asia), and also the fourth most populous country in the world. The distribution of the religions and people is diverse in Southeast Asia and varies by country. Some 30 million overseas Chinese also live in Southeast Asia, most prominently in Christmas Island, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, and also as the Hoa in Vietnam. People of Southeast Asian origins are known as Southeast Asians or Aseanites.
Ethnic groups[edit]
Main article: Ethnic groups of Southeast Asia
Ati woman in Aklan – the Negritos were the earliest inhabitants of Southeast Asia.
Balinese people of Indonesia
The peoples of Southeast Asia are mainly divided into four major ethnolinguistic groups: the Austronesian, Austroasiatic (or Mon-Khmers), Tai (part of the wider Kra-Dai family) and Tibeto-Burman (part of greater Sino-Tibetan language family) peoples. There is also a smaller but significant number of Hmong-Mien, Chinese, Dravidians, Indo-Aryans, Eurasians and Papuans, which also contributes to the diversity of peoples in the region.
The Aslians and Negritos were believed to be one of the earliest inhabitants in the region. They are genetically related to Papuans in Eastern Indonesia, East Timor and Australian Aborigines. In modern times, the Javanese are the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia, with more than 100 million people, mostly concentrated in Java, Indonesia. The second-largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia are the Vietnamese (Kinh people) with around 86 million people, mainly inhabiting Vietnam but also forming a significant minority in neighbouring Cambodia and Laos. The Thais are the third largest with around 59 million people, forming the majority in Thailand.
Indonesia is politically and culturally dominated by the Javanese and Sundanese ethnic groups (both native to Java), but the country also has hundreds of ethnic groups scattered throughout the archipelago, such as the Madurese, Minangkabau, Bugis, Balinese, Dayak, Batak, Malay and Ambonese peoples.
In Malaysia, the country is demographically divided into Malays, who make up more than half of the country's population; the Chinese, at around 22%; other Bumiputeras, at 12%; and Indians, at around 6%. In East Malaysia, the Dayaks (mainly Ibans and Bidayuhs) make up the majority in the state of Sarawak, while the Kadazan-Dusuns make up the majority in Sabah. In Labuan, the Bruneian Malays and Kedayans are the largest groups. Overall, the Malays are the majority in Malaysia and Brunei and form a significant minority in Indonesia, Southern Thailand, Myanmar, and Singapore. In Singapore, the demographics of the country is similar to that of its West Malaysian counterparts but instead of Malays, it is the Chinese that are the majority, while the Malays are the second largest group and Indians third largest.
Within the Philippines, the country has no majority ethnic groups; but the four largest ethnolinguistic groups in the country are the Visayans (mainly Cebuanos, Warays and Hiligaynons), Tagalogs, Ilocanos and Bicolanos. Besides the major four, there are also the Moro peoples of Mindanao, consisting of the Tausug, Maranao, Yakan and Maguindanao. Other regional groups in the country are the Kapampangans, Pangasinans, Surigaonons, Ifugao, Kalinga, Kamayo, Cuyonon and Ivatan.
In mainland Southeast Asia, the Burmese accounts for more than two-thirds of the population in Myanmar, but the country also has several regional ethnic groups which mainly live in states that are specifically formed for ethnic minorities. The major regional ethnic groups in Myanmar are the Tai-speaking Shan people, Karen people, Rakhine people, Chin people, Kayah people and Indo-Aryan-speaking Rohingya people living on the westernmost part of the country near the border with Bangladesh. In neighbouring Thailand, the Thais are the largest ethnic group in the country but is divided into several regional Tai groups such as Central Thais, Northern Thais or Lanna, Southern Thais or Pak Thai, and Northeastern Thai or Isan people (which is ethnically more closely related to Lao people than to Central Thais), each have their own unique dialects, history and culture. Besides the Thais, Thailand is also home to more than 70 ethnolinguistic groups of which the largest being Patani Malays, Northern Khmers, Karen, Hmongs and Chinese.
Cambodia is one of the most homogeneous countries in the area, with Khmers forming more than 90% of the population but the country also has a large number of ethnic Chams, Vietnamese and various inland tribes categorised under the term Khmer Loeu (Hill Khmers).
Religion[edit]
See also: Buddhism in Southeast Asia, Hinduism in Southeast Asia, Islam in Southeast Asia, Shenism in Southeast Asia, Muslim Southeast Asia, and Christianity in Asia
Spirit houses are common in areas of Southeast Asia where Animism is a held belief.
The Mother Temple of Besakih, one of Bali's most significant Balinese Hindu temples.
Thai Theravada Buddhists in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Devotees at the Goddess of Mercy Temple, a Taoist temple in George Town, Penang, Malaysia.
Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque in Brunei, an Islamic country with Sharia rule.
Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral in Cebu City, Philippines, the ecclesiastical seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu
A Protestant church in Indonesia. Indonesia has the largest Protestant population in Southeast Asia.
Religion in Southeast Asia (2020)[165]
Islam (40.08%) Buddhism (28.41%) Christianity (21.33%) Folk Religion (4.16%) No Religion (4.70%) Hinduism (1.09%) Other (0.23%)
Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions and the region is home to many world religions including Abrahamic, Indian, East Asian and Iranian religions. By population, Islam is the most practised faith with approximately 240 million adherents, or about 40% of the entire population, concentrated in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, Southern Thailand and in the Southern Philippines. Indonesia is the most populous Muslim-majority country in the world. Meanwhile, Islam is constitutionally the official religion in Malaysia and Brunei.[166][167] The majority of the Muslim population is Sunni, but there are also significant Shia populations in Thailand and Indonesia. A minority are Sufi or Ahmadiyya Muslims.
There are approximately 190-205 million Buddhists in Southeast Asia, making it the second-largest religion in the region. Approximately 28 to 35% of the world's Buddhists reside in Southeast Asia. Buddhism is predominant in Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar and Singapore, and adherents may come from Theravada or Mahayana schools. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Taoism and Chinese folk religions such as Mazuism are also widely practised by the overseas Chinese community in Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. In certain cases, they may include Chinese or local deities in their worshipping practises such as Tua Pek Kong, Datuk Keramat and many more.
Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia, and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia.[168] East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Indonesian[169] and Portuguese rule. In October 2019, the number of Christians, both Catholic and Protestant, in Southeast Asia reached 156 million, of which 97 million came from the Philippines, 29 million from Indonesia, 11 million from Vietnam, and the rest from Malaysia, Myanmar, East Timor, Singapore, Laos, Cambodia and Brunei. In addition, Eastern Orthodox Christianity can also be found in the region. In addition, Judaism is practised in certain countries such as in the Philippines, Singapore and Indonesia due to the presence of Jewish diaspora. There is a small population of Parsis in Singapore who practise Zoroastrianism, and Baháʼí is also practised by very small population in Malaysia, Vietnam, Singapore and Thailand.
No individual Southeast Asian country is religiously homogeneous. Some groups are protected de facto by their isolation from the rest of the world.[170] In the world's most populous Muslim nation, Indonesia, Hinduism is dominant on islands such as Bali. Christianity also predominates in the rest of the part of the Philippines, New Guinea, Flores and Timor. Pockets of Hindu population can also be found around Southeast Asia in Singapore, Malaysia, etc. Garuda, the phoenix who is the mount (vahanam) of Vishnu, is a national symbol in both Thailand and Indonesia; in the Philippines, gold images of Garuda have been found on Palawan; gold images of other Hindu gods and goddesses have also been found on Mindanao. Balinese Hinduism is somewhat different from Hinduism practised elsewhere, as animism and local culture is incorporated into it. Meanwhile, Hindu community in Malaysia and Singapore are mostly South Indian diaspora, hence the practices are closely related to the Indian Hinduism. Additionally, Sikhism is also practised by significant population especially in Malaysia and Singapore by North Indian diaspora specifically from Punjab region. Small population of the Indian diaspora in the region are Jains and can be found in Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia. Christians can also be found throughout Southeast Asia; they are in the majority in East Timor and the Philippines, Asia's largest Christian nation. In addition, there are also older tribal religious practices in remote areas of Sarawak in East Malaysia, Highland Philippines, and Papua in eastern Indonesia. In Burma, Sakka (Indra) is revered as a Nat. In Vietnam, Mahayana Buddhism is practised, which is influenced by native animism but with a strong emphasis on ancestor worship. Vietnamese folk religions are practised by majority of population in Vietnam. Caodaism, a monotheistic syncretic new religious movement, is also practised by less than one percent of the population in Vietnam. Due to the presence of Japanese diaspora in the region, the practice of Shinto has growingly made appearance in certain countries such as in Thailand.
The religious composition for each country is as follows: Some values are taken from the CIA World Factbook:[171]
Country
Religions
Brunei
Islam (81%), Buddhism, Christianity, others (indigenous beliefs, etc.)
Cambodia
Buddhism (97%), Islam, Christianity, Animism, others
East Timor
Roman Catholicism (97%), Protestantism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism
Indonesia
Islam (87%), Protestantism (7.6%), Roman Catholicism (3.12%), Hinduism (1.74%), Buddhism (0.77%), Confucianism (0.03%), others (0.4%)[172][173]
Laos
Buddhism (67%), Animism, Christianity, others
Malaysia
Islam (61.3%), Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Animism
Myanmar (Burma)
Buddhism (89%), Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Animism, others
Philippines
Roman Catholicism (80.6%), Islam (6.9%-11%),[174] Evangelicals (2.7%), Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) (2.4%), Members Church of God International (1.0%), Other Protestants (2.8%), Buddhism (0.05%-2%),[175] Animism (0.2%-1.25%), others (1.9%)[176]
Singapore
Buddhism (31.1%), Christianity (18.9%), Islam (15.6%), Taoism (8.8%), Hinduism (5%), others (20.6%)
Thailand
Buddhism (93.5%), Islam (5.4%), Christianity (1.13%), Hinduism (0.02%), others (0.003%)
Vietnam
Vietnamese folk religion (45.3%), Buddhism (16.4%), Christianity (8.2%), Other (0.4%), Unaffiliated (29.6%)[177]
Languages[edit]
See also: Classification schemes for Southeast Asian languages, Sino-Tibetan languages, Austroasiatic languages, Austronesian languages, Hmong–Mien languages, and Tai–Kadai languages
Each of the languages has been influenced by cultural pressures due to trade, immigration, and historical colonisation as well. There are nearly 800 native languages in the region.
The language composition for each country is as follows (with official languages in bold):
Country/Region
Languages
Brunei
Malay, English, Chinese, Tamil, Indonesian and indigenous Bornean dialects (Iban, Murutic language, Lun Bawang.)[178]
Cambodia
Khmer, English, French, Teochew, Vietnamese, Cham, Mandarin, others[179]
East Timor
Portuguese, Tetum, Mambae, Makasae, Tukudede, Bunak, Galoli, Kemak, Fataluku, Baikeno, others[180]
Indonesia
Indonesian, Javanese, Sundanese, Batak, Minangkabau, Buginese, Banjar, Papuan, Dayak, Acehnese, Ambonese, Balinese, Betawi, Madurese, Musi, Manado, Sasak, Makassarese, Batak Dairi, Karo, Mandailing, Jambi Malay, Mongondow, Gorontalo, Ngaju, Kenyah, Nias, North Moluccan, Uab Meto, Bima, Manggarai, Toraja-Sa'dan, Komering, Tetum, Rejang, Muna, Sumbawa, Bangka Malay, Osing, Gayo, Bungku-Tolaki languages, Moronene, Bungku, Bahonsuai, Kulisusu, Wawonii, Mori Bawah, Mori Atas, Padoe, Tomadino, Lewotobi, Tae', Mongondow, Lampung, Tolaki, Ma'anyan, Simeulue, Gayo, Buginese, Mandar, Minahasan, Enggano, Ternate, Tidore, Mairasi, East Cenderawasih Language, Lakes Plain Languages, Tor-Kwerba, Nimboran, Skou/Sko, Border languages, Senagi, Pauwasi, Mandarin, Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, Tamil, Punjabi, and Arabic.
Indonesia has over 700 languages in over 17,000 islands across the archipelago, making Indonesia the second most linguistically diverse country on the planet,[181] slightly behind Papua New Guinea. The official language of Indonesia is Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), widely used in educational, political, economic, and other formal situations. In daily activities and informal situations, most Indonesians speak in their local language(s). For more details, see: Languages of Indonesia.
Laos
Lao, French, Thai, Vietnamese, Hmong, Miao, Mien, Dao, Shan and others[182]
Malaysia
Malaysian, English, Mandarin, Tamil, Indonesian, Kedah Malay, Sabah Malay, Brunei Malay, Kelantan Malay, Pahang Malay, Acehnese, Javanese, Minangkabau, Banjar, Buginese, Tagalog, Hakka, Cantonese, Hokkien, Teochew, Fuzhounese, Telugu, Bengali, Punjabi, Sinhala, Malayalam, Arabic, Brunei Bisaya, Okolod, Kota Marudu Talantang, Kelabit, Lotud, Terengganu Malay, Semelai, Thai, Iban, Kadazan, Dusun, Kristang, Bajau, Jakun, Mah Meri, Batek, Melanau, Semai, Temuan, Lun Bawang, Temiar, Penan, Tausug, Iranun, Lundayeh/Lun Bawang, and others[183] see: Languages of Malaysia
Myanmar (Burma)
Burmese, Shan, Kayin(Karen), Rakhine, Kachin, Chin, Mon, Kayah, Chinese and other ethnic languages.[184]
Philippines
Filipino (Tagalog), English, Bisayan languages (Aklanon, Cebuano, Kinaray-a, Capiznon, Hiligaynon, Waray, Masbateño, Romblomanon, Cuyonon, Surigaonon, Butuanon, Tausug), Ivatan, Ilocano, Ibanag, Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Bikol, Sama-Bajaw, Maguindanao, Maranao, Spanish, Chavacano and others
see: Languages of the Philippines
Singapore
English, Malay, Mandarin Chinese, Tamil, Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Hakka, Japanese, Telugu, Malayalam, Punjabi, Indonesian, Boyanese, Buginese, Javanese, Balinese, Singlish creole and others[citation needed]
see: Languages of Singapore
Thailand
Thai, Isan, Northern Khmer, Malay, Karen, Hmong, Teochew, Minnan, Hakka, Yuehai, Burmese, Mien, Tamil, Bengali, Urdu, Arabic, Shan, Lue, Phutai, Mon and others[185]
Vietnam
Vietnamese, Cantonese, Khmer, Hmong, Tai, Cham and others[186]
Cities[edit]
See also: List of cities in ASEAN by population
Brunei-Muara (Bandar Seri Begawan/Muara), Brunei
Phnom Penh City (Phnom Penh/Kandal), Cambodia
Dili (Dili), East Timor
Jabodetabek (Jakarta/Bogor/Depok/Tangerang/South Tangerang/Bekasi), Indonesia
Gerbangkertosusila (Surabaya/Sidoarjo/Gresik/Mojokerto/Lamongan/Bangkalan), Indonesia
Bandung metropolitan area (Bandung/Cimahi/Sumedang/West Bandung), Indonesia
Vientiane Prefecture (Vientiane/Tha Ngon), Laos
Greater Kuala Lumpur/Klang Valley (Kuala Lumpur/Selangor), Malaysia
George Town Conurbation (Penang/Kedah/Perak), Malaysia
Iskandar Malaysia (Johor), Malaysia
Yangon Region (Yangon/Thanlyin), Myanmar
Metro Manila (Manila/Quezon City/Makati/Taguig/Pasay/Caloocan and 11 others), Philippines
Metro Davao (Davao City/Digos/Tagum/Island Garden City of Samal), Philippines
Metro Cebu (Cebu City/Mandaue/Lapu-Lapu City/Talisay City and 11 others), Philippines
Singapore, Singapore
Bangkok Metropolitan Region (Bangkok/Nonthaburi/Samut Prakan/Pathum Thani/Samut Sakhon/Nakhon Pathom), Thailand
Eastern Economic Corridor (Chachoengsao/Chonburi/Rayong), Thailand
Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area (Ho Chi Minh City/Vũng Tàu/Bình Dương/Đồng Nai), Vietnam
Hanoi Capital Region (Hà Nội/Hải Phòng/Hạ Long), Vietnam
Da Nang City (Đà Nẵng/Hội An/Huế), Vietnam
Night skylines
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Bangkok, Thailand
Singapore
Manila, Philippines
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Jakarta, Indonesia
JakartaBangkokHồ Chí Minh CityHà NộiSingaporeYangonSurabayaQuezon CityBandungMedanHải PhòngManilaDavao CitySemarangPalembangKuala LumpurMakassarPhnom PenhCần ThơMandalayBatamPekanbaruĐà NẵngBandar LampungCebu CityPadangZamboanga CityDenpasarMalangSamarindaGeorge TownTasikmalayaCagayan de OroBanjarmasinIpohBalikpapanGeneral SantosBacolodNay Pyi TawVientianeNha TrangChiang MaiJambiPontianakYogyakartaclass=notpageimage| Most populous cities in Southeast Asia (500,000+ inhabitants)
Culture[edit]
See also: Southeast Asian cinema, Southeast Asian Games, and Southeast Asian music
Burmese puppet performance
The culture in Southeast Asia is diverse: on mainland Southeast Asia, the culture is a mix of Burmese, Cambodian, Laotian, Thai (Indian) and Vietnamese (Chinese) cultures. While in Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Malaysia the culture is a mix of indigenous Austronesian, Indian, Islamic, Western, and Chinese cultures. In addition, Brunei shows a strong influence from Arabia. Vietnam and Singapore show more Chinese influence[187] in that Singapore, although being geographically a Southeast Asian nation, is home to a large Chinese majority and Vietnam was in China's sphere of influence for much of its history. Indian influence in Singapore is only evident through the Tamil migrants,[188] which influenced, to some extent, the cuisine of Singapore. Throughout Vietnam's history, it has had no direct influence from India – only through contact with the Thai, Khmer and Cham peoples. Moreover, Vietnam is also categorised under the East Asian cultural sphere along with China, Korea, and Japan due to a large amount of Chinese influence embedded in their culture and lifestyle.
Paddy field in Vietnam
Rice paddy agriculture has existed in Southeast Asia for millennia, ranging across the subregion. Some dramatic examples of these rice paddies populate the Banaue Rice Terraces in the mountains of Luzon in the Philippines. Maintenance of these paddies is very labour-intensive. The rice paddies are well-suited to the monsoon climate of the region.
Stilt houses can be found all over Southeast Asia, from Thailand and Vietnam to Borneo, to Luzon in the Philippines, to Papua New Guinea. The region has diverse metalworking, especially in Indonesia. This includes weaponry, such as the distinctive kris, and musical instruments, such as the gamelan.
Influences[edit]
The region's chief cultural influences have been from some combination of Islam, India, and China. Diverse cultural influence is pronounced in the Philippines, derived particularly from the period of Spanish and American rule, contact with Indian-influenced cultures, and the Chinese and Japanese trading era.
As a rule, the peoples who ate with their fingers were more likely influenced by the culture of India, for example, than the culture of China, where the peoples ate with chopsticks; tea, as a beverage, can be found across the region. The fish sauces distinctive to the region tend to vary.
Arts[edit]
The Royal Ballet of Cambodia (Paris, France 2010)
The arts of Southeast Asia have an affinity with the arts of other areas. Dance in much of Southeast Asia includes movement of the hands as well as the feet, to express the dance's emotion and meaning of the story that the ballerina is going to tell the audience. Most of Southeast Asia introduced dance into their court; in particular, Cambodian royal ballet represented them in the early seventh century before the Khmer Empire, which was highly influenced by Indian Hinduism. The Apsara Dance, famous for strong hand and feet movement, is a great example of Hindu symbolic dance.
Puppetry and shadow plays were also a favoured form of entertainment in past centuries, a famous one being the wayang from Indonesia. The arts and literature in some of Southeast Asia are quite influenced by Hinduism, which was brought to them centuries ago. Indonesia, despite large-scale conversion to Islam which opposes certain forms of art, has retained many forms of Hindu-influenced practices, culture, art, and literature. An example is the wayang kulit (shadow puppet) and literature like the Ramayana. The wayang kulit show has been recognised by UNESCO on 7 November 2003 as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
It has been pointed out that Khmer and Indonesian classical arts were concerned with depicting the life of the gods, but to the Southeast Asian mind, the life of the gods was the life of the peoples themselves—joyous, earthy, yet divine. The Tai, coming late into Southeast Asia, brought with them some Chinese artistic traditions, but they soon shed them in favour of the Khmer and Mon traditions, and the only indications of their earlier contact with Chinese arts were in the style of their temples, especially the tapering roof, and in their lacquerware.
Music[edit]
Main article: Music of Southeast Asia
The angklung, designated as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
Traditional music in Southeast Asia is as varied as its many ethnic and cultural divisions. The main styles of traditional music include court music, folk music, music styles of smaller ethnic groups, and music influenced by genres outside the geographic region.
Of the court and folk genres, gong chime ensembles and orchestras make up the majority (the exception being lowland areas of Vietnam). Gamelan and angklung orchestras from Indonesia; piphat and pinpeat ensembles of Thailand and Cambodia; and the kulintang ensembles of the southern Philippines, Borneo, Sulawesi and Timor are the three main distinct styles of musical genres that have influenced other traditional musical styles in the region. String instruments are also popular in the region.
On 18 November 2010, UNESCO officially recognised the angklung as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, and encouraged the Indonesian people and government to safeguard, transmit, promote performances and to encourage the craftsmanship of angklung making.
Writing[edit]
Main articles: Writing systems of Southeast Asia, Baybayin, Jawi script, S.E.A. Write Award, and Thai alphabet
Thai manuscript from before the 19th-century writing system
The history of Southeast Asia has led to a wealth of different authors, from both within and without writing about the region.
Originally, Indians were the ones who taught the native inhabitants about writing. This is shown through Brahmic forms of writing present in the region, such as the Balinese script shown on split palm leaves called lontar (see image to the left – magnify the image to see the writing on the flat side, and the decoration on the reverse side).
Sign in Balinese and Latin script at a Hindu temple in Bali
The antiquity of this form of writing extends before the invention of paper around the year 100 in China. Note each palm leaf section was only several lines, written longitudinally across the leaf, and bound by twine to the other sections. The outer portion was decorated. The alphabets of Southeast Asia tended to be abugidas, until the arrival of the Europeans, who used words that also ended in consonants, not just vowels. Other forms of official documents, which did not use paper, included Javanese copperplate scrolls. This material would have been more durable than paper in the tropical climate of Southeast Asia.
In Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore, the Malay language is now generally written in the Latin script. The same phenomenon is present in Indonesian, although different spelling standards are utilised (e.g. 'Teksi' in Malay and 'Taksi' in Indonesian for the word 'Taxi').
The use of Chinese characters, in the past and present, is only evident in Vietnam and more recently, Singapore and Malaysia. The adoption of chữ Hán in Vietnam dates back to around 111 BC when it was occupied by the Chinese. A Vietnamese script called chữ Nôm used modified chữ Hán to express the Vietnamese language. Both chữ Hán and chữ Nôm were used up until the early 20th century.
Sports[edit]
Association football is the most popular sport in the region, with the ASEAN Football Federation, the region's primary regulatory body, formed on 31 January 1984, in Jakarta, Indonesia. The AFF Championship is the largest football competition in the region since its inaugural in 1996, with Thailand holding the most titles in the competition with seven titles. The reigning winner is Thailand, who defeated Vietnam in the 2022 final. Thailand has had the most numerous appearances in the AFC Asian Cup with 7 while the highest-ranked result in the Asian Cup for a Southeast Asian team is second place in the 1968 by Myanmar in Iran. Indonesia is the only Southeast Asian team to have played in the 1938 FIFA World Cup as the Dutch East Indies.
See also[edit]
Geography portalAsia portalCambodia portalIndonesia portalLaos portalMalaysia portalMyanmar portalPhilippines portalSingapore portalThailand portalVietnam portal
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Global Southeast
South Asia
List of current heads of state and government
List of firsts in Southeast Asia
Military build-up in Southeast Asia
Pacific Asia
Northeast Asia
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
Southeast Asian Games
Tiger Cub Economies
Notes[edit]
^ A transcontinental country.
^ The great temple complex at Prambanan in Indonesia exhibit a number of similarities with the South Indian architecture.[88]
^ Also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA
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Further reading[edit]
Acharya, Amitav. The making of Southeast Asia: International relations of a region (Cornell UP, 2013).
Ang, Cheng Guan. Southeast Asia After the Cold War: A Contemporary History (Singapore: NUS Press, 2019) online review
Ang, Cheng Guan. Southeast Asia's Cold War: An Interpretive History (University of Hawai’i Press, 2018). online review Archived 7 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Barwise, J. M., and Nicholas J. White. A traveller's history of Southeast Asia (2002) online
Cady, John F. Southeast Asia: its historical development (McGraw-Hill, 1964) online
Cady, John F. The roots of French imperialism in Eastern Asia (1954) online
Coedes, George. The Making of South East Asia (2nd ed. U of California Press, 1983).
Dutt, Ashok K. Southeast Asia: A Ten Nation Region (1996) excerpt
Embree, Ainslie T., ed. Encyclopedia of Asian history (1988)
vol. 1 online; vol 2 online; vol 3 online; vol 4 online
Heidhues, Mary Somers. Southeast Asia : a concise history (2000) online
Leinbach, Thomas R., and Richard Ulack. Southeast Asia: diversity and development (Prentice Hall, 1999) online.
Levinson, David, and Karen Christensen, eds. Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. (6 vol. Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002).
Osborne, Milton. Region of revolt: focus on Southeast Asia (Elsevier, 2013). online
Osborne, Milton (2010; first published in 1979). Southeast Asia: An Introductory History Archived 29 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74237-302-7 online
Osborne, Milton. River at risk: the Mekong and water politics of China and Southeast Asia (Longueville Media, 2004).
Reid, Anthony (1999). Charting the Shape of Early Modern Southeast Asia Silkworm Books. ISBN 978-974-7551-06-8
Swearer, Donald K. The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia (2nd ed. 2010) online
Ulack, Richard, and Gyula Pauer. Atlas of Southeast Asia (Macmillan, 1989) online.
Williams, Lea E. Southeast Asia : a history (1976) online
External links[edit]
Southeast Asia at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from WikiversityTravel information from WikivoyageData from Wikidata
Topography of Southeast Asia in detail (PDF) (previous version)
Southeast Asian Archive at the University of California, Irvine at archive.today (archived 12 December 2012)
Southeast Asia Digital Library at Northern Illinois University
"Documenting the Southeast Asian Refugee Experience", exhibit at the University of California, Irvine, Library at archive.today (archived 25 February 2003)
Southeast Asia Visions, a collection of historical travel narratives Cornell University Library Digital Collection
Official website of the ASEAN Tourism Association
Art of Island Southeast Asia, a full text exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art
vteCountries and territory in Southeast AsiaSovereign states
Brunei
Cambodia
East Timor
Indonesia
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Southeast Asia是什么意思_Southeast Asia怎么读_Southeast Asia翻译_用法_发音_词组_同反义词_东南亚-新东方在线英语词典
Southeast Asia是什么意思_Southeast Asia怎么读_Southeast Asia翻译_用法_发音_词组_同反义词_东南亚-新东方在线英语词典
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首页 > 英语词典 > 字母单词表 > s开头的单词 > Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
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是什么意思
释义东南亚;[地名] [亚细亚洲] 东南亚;
英英释义
Southeast Asia n.a geographical division of Asia that includes Indochina plus Indonesia and the Philippines and Singapore
学习怎么用
双语例句
A historical region of southeast Asia on the Gulf of Tonkin, an arm of the South China Sea, now forming most of northern Vietnam. It was part of French Indochina from 1887 to 1946.东京湾东南亚一历史地区,位于东京湾沿岸,为南中国海的一支。该地现在组成了越南北部的大部分地区。从1887年到1946年,这里是法属印度支那的一部分。A peninsula of southeast Asia comprising Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Burma, and the mainland territory of Malaysia. The area was influenced in early times by India(particularly the Hindu culture) and China.印度支那半岛东南亚的一个半岛,包括越南、老挝、柬埔寨、泰国、缅甸和马来西亚的大陆部分。历史上这一片地区曾受印度(尤其是印度教文化)和中国的影响
权威例句
Strategies for containing an emerging influenza pandemic in Southeast AsiaA synopsis of climatic and vegetational change in Southeast AsiaMaps of Pleistocene sea levels in Southeast Asia: shorelines, river systems and time durationsThe Moral Economy of the Peasant: Subsistence and Rebellion in Southeast Asia, Yale...:Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast AsiaCenozoic plate reconstruction of Southeast Asia"The moral economy of the peasant. Rebellion and subsistence in Southeast Asia", James C. Scott, New Haven - London 1976 : [recenzja...The Indian Ocean experiment: widespread air pollution from South and Southeast AsiaStrategies for containing an emerging influenza pandemic in Southeast Asia RID B-8578-2008 RID A-8109-2008 RID C-4384-2009Trends in extreme daily rainfall and temperature in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific: 1961–1998
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SOUTHEAST ASIA - 汉语翻译 - bab.la英语-汉语词典
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bab.la
英语-汉语词典
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Southeast Asia
"Southeast Asia"在汉语中的翻译是什么?
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Southeast Asia
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东南亚
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"Southeast Asia" 汉语 翻译
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Southeast Asia
{专有名词}
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1. 地理学
Southeast Asia
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东南亚
[dōnɡ nán yà] {名词}
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Underscoring the challenge, Mr. Tyler said no-frills carriers now account for 54 percent of capacity in Southeast Asia, up from around 38 percent in 2009.
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Southeast Asia has the greatest diversity of mangrove species in the world, and mangrove forests provide multiple ecosystem services upon which millions of people depend.
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Southeast Asia will reach maximums on coal production/imports and on pollution levels.
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This policy was widely welcomed during the Cold War by Western states fearful of rising communism in Southeast Asia.
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India's power plants may be most vulnerable, the institute concluded after mapping more than 150 existing and planned projects in India and Southeast Asia.
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"Southeast Asia"在汉语中类似的翻译
southeast 形容词Chinese在东南的东南部的东南的东南方东南(方)southeast 名词Chinese东南(方)东南
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Southeast Asia | Map, Islands, Countries, Culture, & Facts | Britannica
Southeast Asia | Map, Islands, Countries, Culture, & Facts | Britannica
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Southeast Asia
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IntroductionLandGeology and reliefMainland Southeast AsiaInsular Southeast AsiaDrainageSoilsClimateTemperaturesPrecipitationPlant lifeAnimal lifePeopleSettlement patternsEthnic compositionLinguistic compositionReligionsDemographic trendsEconomyAgricultureIndustryTradeTransportation and communications
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Written by
Thomas R. Leinbach
Professor of Geography, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Coauthor of Development and Environment in Malaysia; Southeast Asian Transport: Issues in Development.
Thomas R. Leinbach,
William H. Frederick
Associate Professor of History, Ohio University, Athens. Author of Visions and Heat: the Making of the Indonesian Revolution and others.
William H. FrederickSee All
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Recent News
Mar. 7, 2024, 12:48 AM ET (AP)
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Southeast Asia, vast region of Asia situated east of the Indian subcontinent and south of China. It consists of two dissimilar portions: a continental projection (commonly called mainland Southeast Asia) and a string of archipelagoes to the south and east of the mainland (insular Southeast Asia). Extending some 700 miles (1,100 km) southward from the mainland into insular Southeast Asia is the Malay Peninsula; this peninsula structurally is part of the mainland, but it also shares many ecological and cultural affinities with the surrounding islands and thus functions as a bridge between the two regions.Mainland Southeast Asia is divided into the countries of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Vietnam, and the small city-state of Singapore at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula; Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, which occupy the eastern portion of the mainland, often are collectively called the Indochinese Peninsula. Malaysia is both mainland and insular, with a western portion on the Malay Peninsula and an eastern part on the island of Borneo. Except for the small sultanate of Brunei (also on Borneo), the remainder of insular Southeast Asia consists of the archipelagic nations of Indonesia and the Philippines.Southeast Asia stretches some 4,000 miles at its greatest extent (roughly from northwest to southeast) and encompasses some 5,000,000 square miles (13,000,000 square km) of land and sea, of which about 1,736,000 square miles is land. Mount Hkakabo in northern Myanmar on the border with China, at 19,295 feet (5,881 metres), is the highest peak of mainland Southeast Asia. Although the modern nations of the region are sometimes thought of as being small, they are—with the exceptions of Singapore and Brunei—comparatively large. Indonesia, for example, is more than 3,000 miles from west to east (exceeding the west-east extent of the continental United States) and more than 1,000 miles from north to south; the area of Laos is only slightly smaller than that of the United Kingdom; and Myanmar is considerably larger than France.All of Southeast Asia falls within the tropical and subtropical climatic zones, and much of it receives considerable annual precipitation. It is subject to an extensive and regular monsoonal weather system (i.e., one in which the prevailing winds reverse direction every six months) that produces marked wet and dry periods in most of the region. Southeast Asia’s landscape is characterized by three intermingled physical elements: mountain ranges, plains and plateaus, and water in the form of both shallow seas and extensive drainage systems. Of these, the rivers probably have been of the greatest historical and cultural significance, for waterways have decisively shaped forms of settlement and agriculture, determined fundamental political and economic patterns, and helped define the nature of Southeast Asians’ worldview and distinctive cultural syncretism. It also has been of great importance that Southeast Asia, which is the most easily accessible tropical region in the world, lies strategically astride the sea passage between East Asia and the Middle Eastern–Mediterranean world.
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Within this broad outline, Southeast Asia is perhaps the most diverse region on Earth. The number of large and small ecological niches is more than matched by a staggering variety of economic, social, and cultural niches Southeast Asians have developed for themselves; hundreds of ethnic groups and languages have been identified. Under these circumstances, it often is difficult to keep in mind the region’s underlying unity, and it is understandable that Southeast Asia should so often be treated as a miscellaneous collection of cultures that simply do not quite fit anywhere else.Yet from ancient times Southeast Asia has been considered by its neighbours to be a region in its own right and not merely an extension of their own lands. The Chinese called it Nanyang and the Japanese Nan’yō, both names meaning “South Seas,” and South Asians used such terms as Suvarnabhūmi (Sanskrit: “Land of Gold”) to describe the area.
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Modern scholarship increasingly has yielded evidence of broad commonalities uniting the peoples of the region across time. Studies in historical linguistics, for example, have suggested that the vast majority of Southeast Asian languages—even many of those previously considered to have separate origins—either sprang from common roots or have been long and inseparably intertwined. Despite inevitable variation among societies, common views of gender, family structure, and social hierarchy and mobility may be discerned throughout mainland and insular Southeast Asia, and a broadly common commercial and cultural inheritance has continued to affect the entire region for several millennia. These and other commonalities have yet to produce a conscious or precise Southeast Asian identity, but they have given substance to the idea of Southeast Asia as a definable world region and have provided a framework for the comparative study of its components.
William H. Frederick Land Geology and relief Physical features of Southeast AsiaThe physiography of Southeast Asia has been formed to a large extent by the convergence of three of the Earth’s major crustal units: the Eurasian, Indian-Australian, and Pacific plates. The land has been subjected to a considerable amount of faulting, folding, uplifting, and volcanic activity over geologic time, and much of the region is mountainous. There are marked structural differences between the mainland and insular portions of the region.